Cytological diagnosis of microfilaria at unusual sites in clinically unsuspected cases: some rare presentations of filariasis.

Filariasis is a major concern, particularly in endemic regions. The majority of patients harbouring the parasite may remain asymptomatic for years. Here, we present six patients who were sent for routine cytological examination to rule out neoplastic pathology, in whom cytology identified filarial infestation. The main purposes of our paper are to highlight the importance of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), a cheap and quick investigation to detect the microfilaria from tissue swelling and body fluids, and to point out that clinicians practising in endemic regions should always consider filarial infestation in patients presenting with longstanding swelling.

Non-Functional Paraganglioma of the Urinary Bladder Treated by Transurethral Resection: Report of Two Cases.

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is a rare tumour derived from chromaffin tissue of the sympathetic nervous system. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder especially the non-functional type is often misdiagnosed as urothelial cancer. Two female patients aged 32 years and 45 years presented with painless haematuria without any symptoms of catecholamine excess. Radiological investigations revealed urinary bladder tumour. The tumour was removed by transurethral resection in both the patients. Histopathological diagnosis was paraganglioma, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Complete resection of tumour by transurethral approach is curative in paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. We hereby, also discuss the salient features of nonfunctional paraganglioma of the urinary bladder.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis diagnosed by FNAC of lymph nodes.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal disorder of unknown etiology and characterized by the proliferation of dendritic cells. LCH most commonly involves the bone followed by the skin and the lymph nodes. Recently, only a few cases of LCH with predominant lymph node involvement have been diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). A 2-year-old boy presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, and cough. The patient had hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and lytic lesions in the skull. FNAC from the largest submandibular lymph node showed features of LCH. The large cells of LCH showed positive immunostaining for S-100 protein on FNAC smears. Later, lymph node biopsy and immunohistochemistry against S-100 protein and CD1a confirmed the diagnosis of LCH. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and he is under regular follow-up. This case report highlights the importance of FNAC as a rapid and accurate investigation in the diagnosis of lymph node predominant LCH.