ABSTRACT
Analysis of milk micrbiomes from healthy cows and cows with different (clinical and subclinical) forms of mastitis was performed at two farms of the Central Russia. An increase in the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of bacteria of the phylum Proteоbacteria belonging primarily to Pseudomonadales, Burkholderiales, as well as Streptococcaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Bacillaceae in the animals with mastitis was detected. The Planococcaceae OTU percentage decreased. The ratio of rarely presented OTUs also changed in the milk of animals with mastitis.
Subject(s)
Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Animals , Bacteria/classification , Cattle , Female , Mastitis, Bovine/metabolismABSTRACT
The entire T7 bacteriophage genome contains 39937 base pairs (Database NCBI RefSeq N1001604). Here, electrostatic potential distribution around double helical T7 DNA was calculated by Coulomb method using the computer program of Sorokin A.A. (lptolik@gmail.com). Electrostatic profiles of 17 promoters recognized by T7 phage-specific RNA polymerase were analyzed. It was shown that electrostatic profiles of all T7 RNA polymerase-specific promoters can be characterized by distinctive motifs which are specific for each promoter class. Comparative analysis of electrostatic profiles of native T7 promoters of different classes demonstrates that T7 RNA polymerase can differentiate them due to their electrostatic features.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophage T7/enzymology , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics , Genome, Viral , Viral Proteins/genetics , Bacteriophage T7/genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Static ElectricityABSTRACT
Comparative analysis of electrostatic potential distribution for "early" T4 phage promoters was undertaken, along with calculation of topography of electrostatic potential around the native and ADP-ribosylated C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase alpha-subunit. The data obtained indicate that there is specific difference in the patterns of electrostatic potential distribution in far upstream regions of T4 promoters differing by their response to ADP-ribosylation of RNA polymerase. A specific change in profiles of electrostatic potential distribution for the native and ADP-ribosylated forms of RNA polymerase alpha-subunit was observed suggesting that this factor may be responsible for modulating T4 promoter activities in response to the enzyme modification.
Subject(s)
Bacteriophage T4/genetics , DNA, Viral/chemistry , DNA, Viral/genetics , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry , DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/chemistry , Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism , Base Sequence , DNA, Viral/metabolism , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Escherichia coli/genetics , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Protein Conformation , Static ElectricityABSTRACT
Distribution of electrostatic potential of DNA fragments was evaluated. A method for calculation of electrostatic potential distribution based on Coulomb's law is proposed for long DNA fragments (approximately 1000 nucleotide pairs). For short DNA sequences, this technique provides a good correlation with the results obtained using Poisson-Boltzmann equation thus justifying its application in comparative studies for long DNA fragments. Calculation was performed for several DNA fragments from E. coli and bacteriophage T7 genomes containing promoter and nonpromoter regions. The results obtained indicate that coding regions are characterized by more homogeneous distribution of electrostatic potential whereas local inhomogeneity of DNA electrostatic profile is typical for promoter regions. The possible role of electrostatic interactions in RNA polymerase-promoter recognition is discussed.