Computed tomography with positron emission tomography is more useful in local than systemic infectious process related to cardiac implanted electrotherapy device: a prospective controlled multicenter diagnostic intervention PET-Guidance Trial.

Assess the diagnostic value of 18-F FDG PET/CT in cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) infections in facilitating diagnostic process and optimizing decision-making process.Study group (n = 21) patients with initial suspected diagnosis of CIED-related infection or fever of unknown origin and patients referred for device removal due to infection. Control group (n = 13) patients with implanted CIED, who underwent PET/CT due to other non-infectious indications and had no data for infectious process in follow-up.PET/CT scan showed pocket infection in 12 patients (including 1 in whom infection was not finally diagnosed-the examination was performed early after the implantation procedure-1.5 months), increased tracer uptake in intravascular lead part in 3 patients, and increased uptake in intracardiac part in 5 patients.We found that sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the diagnosis made by PET/CT in generator pocket infection was 91.7%, 70%, 78.6%, 87.5% and in lead-dependent intracardiac infection 100%, 47.1%, 35.7%, 100% respectively. PET/CT scan enabled reclassification of diagnosis from possible to definite CIED-related infection in 6 out of 9 patients, and to excluded in 3 out of 9.Establishing diagnosis of device related infections may be challenging due to non-specific symptoms. Incorporation of PET/CT scan in the diagnostic schema can improve accuracy and timing of the diagnosis and help to assess the extent of infection. PET/CT is more useful in local than systemic infectious process related to cardiac implanted electrotherapy device.Trial registration Consent of the bioethics committee nr IK-NP.-0021-85/1465/14. Registration in the www.clinicaltrials.gov database: NCT02196753.

Patrones de captación en las glándulas suprarrenales de la PET/TC con 18F-Fluoroetilcolina / Adrenal glands uptake patterns in 18F-Fluoroethylcholine PET/CT

OBJETIVO: Determinar las razones de los diferentes patrones de captación suprarrenal de la colina radiomarcada en pacientes con cáncer de próstata o renal sometidos a una tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computarizada con 18F-Fluoroetilcolina (18F-Colina). MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 49 estudios de tomografía por emisión de positrones/tomografía computarizada con colina radiomarcada (96 glándulas suprarrenales), determinándose su morfología, el patrón de captación y el valor de captación máximo estandarizado. Se registraron, evaluaron o contabilizaron otros 15 parámetros más, se calcularon los índices de parámetros escogidos y se comprobó su correlación con la captación de las glándulas suprarrenales. RESULTADOS: Las glándulas suprarrenales presentaron un amplio abanico de intensidades de captación de la colina radiomarcada (rango: 2-7,9), así como diferentes patrones de captación (difuso, focal o mixto). La captación máxima en la glándula suprarrenal derecha (4,3+/-1,2) se correlacionó positivamente con el grosor del parénquima en su punto de captación máxima (5,3mm +/-1,5; p = 0,000). La captación máxima en las glándulas derecha e izquierda, así como la captación suprarrenal media se correlacionaron con la captación máxima en la hipófisis (p = 0,000, p = 0,000 y p=0001, respectivamente), así como con la captación máxima en hígado (p = 0,008, p = 0,000 y p = 0,011, respectivamente). En el grupo estudiado no hubo correlación significativa entre los valores de captación estandarizada de las glándulas suprarrenales y el tratamiento hormonal ni con la edad de los pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La variabilidad de la captación del radiotrazador de la colina en las glándulas suprarrenales depende probablemente del metabolismo corporal global y de la función hipofisaria expresada a través de correlaciones estadísticamente significativas con la captación hepática e hipofisaria. En la tomografía por emisión de positrones de las glándulas suprarrenales normales, debe evaluarse con precaución aquellos patrones de captación predominantemente focales o mixtos con áreas de captación focal, con el fin de evitar errores diagnósticos

PURPOSE: To find reasons of different radioactive choline adrenal uptake in prostate or renal cancer patients who underwent 18F-fluoroethylcholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography. METHODS: Forty-nine positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies with radioactive choline (96 adrenal glands) were analysed with respect to the adrenal glands shape, uptake pattern and maximum standardised uptake value. Fifteen other parameters were recorded, assessed or counted, ratios of chosen parameters were calculated, and checked for correlation with adrenal glands uptake. RESULTS: Adrenal glands presented a wide range of radioactive choline uptake intensities (range 2-7.9) and different uptake patterns (diffuse, focal or mixed). Maximum uptake in the right (4.3+/-1.2) adrenal gland positively correlated with the thickness of the parenchyma at the point of maximal uptake (5.3mm+/-1.5) (p = 0.000). Maximum uptake in the right and left adrenal gland, as well as mean adrenal gland uptake, correlated with maximum uptake in the pituitary gland (p = 0.000, p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively) and with maximum uptake in liver (p = 0.008, p = 0.000 and p = 0.011, respectively). Neither hormonal treatment nor patients' age significantly correlated with standardised uptake values of adrenal glands in the studied group. CONCLUSIONS: The variability of radiocholine uptake in adrenal glands depends probably on overall body metabolism and hypophyseal function expressed by statistically significant correlation with liver and pituitary gland uptake. Predominant focal or mixed with focal areas uptake patterns on positron emission tomography in normal in computed tomography adrenal glands should be assessed with caution to avoid a diagnostic mistake

Adrenal glands uptake patterns in 18F-Fluoroethylcholine PET/CT. / Patrones de captación en las glándulas suprarrenales de la PET/TC con 18F-Fluoroetilcolina.

PURPOSE: To find reasons of different radioactive choline adrenal uptake in prostate or renal cancer patients who underwent 18F-fluoroethylcholine positron emission tomography/computed tomography. METHODS: Forty-nine positron emission tomography/computed tomography studies with radioactive choline (96 adrenal glands) were analysed with respect to the adrenal glands shape, uptake pattern and maximum standardised uptake value. Fifteen other parameters were recorded, assessed or counted, ratios of chosen parameters were calculated, and checked for correlation with adrenal glands uptake. RESULTS: Adrenal glands presented a wide range of radioactive choline uptake intensities (range 2-7.9) and different uptake patterns (diffuse, focal or mixed). Maximum uptake in the right (4.3±1.2) adrenal gland positively correlated with the thickness of the parenchyma at the point of maximal uptake (5.3mm±1.5) (p=0.000). Maximum uptake in the right and left adrenal gland, as well as mean adrenal gland uptake, correlated with maximum uptake in the pituitary gland (p=0.000, p=0.000 and p=0.001, respectively) and with maximum uptake in liver (p=0.008, p=0.000 and p=0.011, respectively). Neither hormonal treatment nor patients' age significantly correlated with standardised uptake values of adrenal glands in the studied group. CONCLUSIONS: The variability of radiocholine uptake in adrenal glands depends probably on overall body metabolism and hypophyseal function expressed by statistically significant correlation with liver and pituitary gland uptake. Predominant focal or mixed with focal areas uptake patterns on positron emission tomography in normal in computed tomography adrenal glands should be assessed with caution to avoid a diagnostic mistake.

The Assessment of the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing an Urgent Endovascular Treatment Due to Severe Renal Bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to assess the clinical factors associated with the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing endovascular treatment during the course of severe renal bleeding. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of 36 consecutive patients who were treated endovascularly between January 2006 and December 2016 for anemia caused by iatrogenic (26 pts) or posttraumatic (10 pts) renal bleeding. Typical patient data, baseline, and postprocedural blood parameters were evaluated. As a predictor of AKI occurrence, SCr0 > 1.5 mg/dL, eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, and Mehran score were evaluated. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (39%) developed AKI after CM injection. Time of hospitalization (p = 0.02), hypotension (p = 0.005), dialysis (p = 0.05), blood transfusions (p = 0.028), amount of blood received (p = 0.003), red blood units > 3 (RBU) (p = 0.032), and CM > 150 ml (p = 0.014) were related to AKI occurrence. The Mehran score may be used as a predictor of AKI occurrence (p = 0.022). The SCr > 1.5 mg/dL and eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 were not statistically significant. Selective renal embolization (mean 34% loss of renal tissue) does not lead to AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Hypotension, anemia requiring blood transfusion, and administration of CM exceeding 150 ml poses higher risk of AKI development, which leads to longer hospital stay and need of dialysis. The Mehran score may be used as predictor of AKI occurrence. Up to one third of the kidney was embolized with no AKI linked to the procedure. The concern of AKI occurrence should not be a cause of delay of endovascular treatment.

The predictive role of interim PET after the first chemotherapy cycle and sequential evaluation of response to ABVD in Hodgkin's lymphoma patients-the Polish Lymphoma Research Group (PLRG) Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Interim PET after two ABVD cycles (iPET2) predicts treatment outcome in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. To test whether an earlier assessment of chemosensitivity would improve the prediction accuracy, we launched a prospective, multicenter observational study aimed at assessing the predictive value of iPET after one ABVD (iPET1) and the kinetics of response assessed by sequential PET scanning. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed classical Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent interim PET scan after one ABVD course (iPET1). PETs were interpreted according to the Deauville score (DS) as negative (-) (DS 1-3) and positive (+) (DS 4, 5). Patients with iPET1 DS 3-5 underwent iPET2. RESULTS: About 106 early (I-IIA) and 204 advanced (IIB-IV) patients were enrolled between January 2008 and October 2014. iPET1 was (-) in 87/106 (82%) or (+) in 19/106 (18%) of early, and (-) in 133/204 (65%) or (+) in 71/204 (35%) of advanced stage patients, respectively. Twenty-four patients were excluded from response analysis due to treatment escalation. After a median follow-up of 38.2 (3.2-90.2) months, 9/102 (9%) early and 43/184 (23%) advanced patients experienced a progression-free survival event. At 36 months, negative and positive predictive value for iPET1 were 94% and 41% (early) and 84% and 43% (advanced), respectively. The kinetics of PET response was assessed in 198 patients with both iPETs. All 116 patients with iPET1(-) remained iPET2(-) (fast responders), 41/82 with IPET1(+) became iPET2(-) (slow responders), and the remaining 41 stayed iPET2(+) (non-responders); progression-free survival at 36 months for fast, slow and non-responders was 0.88, 0.79 and 0.34, respectively. CONCLUSION: The optimal tool to predict ABVD outcome in HL remains iPET2 because it distinguishes responders, whatever their time to response, from non-responders. However, iPET1 identified fast responders with the best outcome and might guide early treatment de-escalation in both early and advanced-stage HL.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE IONISING RADIATION LEVEL AT A NUCLEAR MEDICINE FACILITY PERFORMING PET/CT EXAMINATIONS.

This paper presents the results of radiation level measurements at workplaces in a nuclear medicine facility performing PET/CT examinations. This study meticulously determines the staff radiation exposure in a PET/CT facility by tracking the path of patient movement. The measurements of the instantaneous radiation exposure were performed using an electronic radiometer with a proportional counter that was equipped with the option of recording the results on line. The measurements allowed for visualisation of the staff's instantaneous exposure caused by a patient walking through the department after the administration of 18F-FDG. An estimation of low doses associated with each working step and the exposure during a routine day in the department was possible. The measurements were completed by determining the average radiation level using highly sensitive thermoluminescent detectors.

Response to chemotherapy estimates by FDG PET is an important prognostic factor in patients with Ewing sarcoma

Background. Response to chemotherapy is a prognostic factor in patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES); the role of FDG PET to predict response in these patients has not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and the potential of FDG PET to predict response to chemotherapy (CHT). Materials and methods. e analyzed data of 50 patients with ES (median age 12.6 years). All patients were treated with neoadjuvant CHT, and underwent surgery for local control. All patients had 18F-FDG PET/CT at diagnosis and after induction CHT, prior to local control. We compared response assessed by histopathology with FDG PET using standard uptake values (SUVs). Results. Median SUV at diagnosis (SUV I) was 5 (range 1.2-17), and median SUV after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SUV II) was 1.8 (range 0-8.4). Median SUV II/I ratio was 0.3 (range 0-1). SUV at diagnosis was significantly lower in patients with good histological response than in patients with poor histological response (median 3.8 vs. 7.2, p 0.02). We found a significant correlation between SUV II and outcome; the positive predictive value of an SUV II ≤ 2.5 for favorable response was 84.21 %, and the median SUV II was significantly higher in patients with disease progression (2.3 vs. 1.6, p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, necrosis and SUV II were significant predictors of outcome. Conclusions. 18F-FDG PET demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for response to initial chemotherapy in patients with ES and it correlates with outcome. The role of FDG PET in predicting response and outcome should be further investigated (AU)

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Response to chemotherapy estimates by FDG PET is an important prognostic factor in patients with Ewing sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Response to chemotherapy is a prognostic factor in patients with Ewing sarcoma (ES); the role of FDG PET to predict response in these patients has not been thoroughly investigated. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and the potential of FDG PET to predict response to chemotherapy (CHT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data of 50 patients with ES (median age 12.6 years). All patients were treated with neoadjuvant CHT, and underwent surgery for local control. All patients had (18)F-FDG PET/CT at diagnosis and after induction CHT, prior to local control. We compared response assessed by histopathology with FDG PET using standard uptake values (SUVs). RESULTS: Median SUV at diagnosis (SUV I) was 5 (range 1.2-17), and median SUV after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SUV II) was 1.8 (range 0-8.4). Median SUV II/I ratio was 0.3 (range 0-1). SUV at diagnosis was significantly lower in patients with good histological response than in patients with poor histological response (median 3.8 vs. 7.2, p 0.02). We found a significant correlation between SUV II and outcome; the positive predictive value of an SUV II ≤ 2.5 for favorable response was 84.21 %, and the median SUV II was significantly higher in patients with disease progression (2.3 vs. 1.6, p = 0.04). In multivariate analysis, necrosis and SUV II were significant predictors of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: (18)F-FDG PET demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy for response to initial chemotherapy in patients with ES and it correlates with outcome. The role of FDG PET in predicting response and outcome should be further investigated.

Estimation of usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorders--preliminary report.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using PET both in assessing the susceptibility to stress and in the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorders. Mentally and somatically healthy soldiers were subjected to PET-CT head scan examinations before and after virtual reality stimulation with warfare scenarios. Despite stimulation of peripheral nervous system after 10 minutes, VR exposure in any of the examined soldiers simulation did not cause changes in any brain structure that was visualized in PET. PET-CT head scan was also performed in patients with typical symptoms of acute PTSD according to the criteria of DSM IV TR. In those patients no changes in any brain structure was found. Initially it was found that VR exposure techniques like clinically typical acute symptoms of PTSD do not leave changes in CNS, which could be visualized in PET. The preliminary hypothesis was put forward that exposure to stimuli like symptoms of PTSD must remain long enough to induce permanent damage of brain structure.

Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits.

Impaired performance of skilled gestures, referred to as dyspraxia, is consistently reported in children with autism; however, its neurological basis is not well understood. Basic motor skill deficits are also observed in children with autism and it is unclear whether dyspraxia observed in children with autism can be accounted for by problems with motor skills. Forty-seven high-functioning children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), autism, or Asperger syndrome (43 males, four females; mean age 10y 7m [SD 1y 10m], mean Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) 99.4 [SD 15.9]), and 47 typically developing (TD) controls (41 males, six females; mean age 10y 6m [SD 1y 5m], mean FSIQ 113.8 [SD 12.3], age range 8-4y) completed: (1) the Physical and Neurological Assessment of Subtle Signs, an examination of basic motor skills standardized for children, and (2) a praxis examination that included gestures to command, to imitation, and with tool-use. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the association between basic motor skill performance (i.e. times to complete repetitive limb movements) and praxis performance (total praxis errors). After controlling for age and IQ, basic motor skill was a significant predictor of performance on praxis examination. Nevertheless, the ASD group continued to show significantly poorer praxis than controls after accounting for basic motor skill. Furthermore, praxis performance was a strong predictor of the defining features of autism, measured using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and this correlation remained significant after accounting for basic motor skill. Results indicate that dyspraxia in autism cannot be entirely accounted for by impairments in basic motor skills, suggesting the presence of additional contributory factors. Furthermore, praxis in children with autism is strongly correlated with the social, communicative, and behavioral impairments that define the disorder, suggesting that dyspraxia may be a core feature of autism or a marker of the neurological abnormalities underlying the disorder.

Absolute value of the difference of Tl-201 uptake between redistribution and rest is a specific marker of myocardial viability.

Although Tl-201 rest redistribution SPECT is widely used to assess myocardial viability, there is no agreement on the best prognostic marker of left ventricle contraction improvement after revascularization. More recent data suggest that not only rest or redistribution uptake but also reverse redistribution patterns may serve to indicate the viability of myocardium. The aim of this study was to define criteria (which include reversibility and reverse redistribution) for viability testing and prediction of functional outcome in Tl-201 rest redistribution SPECT. Twenty-five patients with left ventricle dyssynergy were studied before and after revascularization with Tl-201 SPECT and echocardiography. Perfusion and contractility was assessed in a 16-segment model of the left ventricle. Out of 400 left ventricular segments, contraction disturbances of various degree of intensity (hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis) were found by echocardiography in 107 segments. Revascularization was performed in 97 segments. In 57% of the segments, improvement of contraction was observed after PTCA or CABG. Perfusion was analysed in the segments between segments with and without contraction improvement. In discriminant analysis, only the modulus of difference between rest and redistribution study > or = 10% was the common parameter for hypo-, a- and dyskinetic segments to predict the functional recovery of left ventricle (LV) with the specificity of 93% and sensitivity of 78%. The modulus of segmental quantitative difference between redistribution and rest image is a new parameter adding specificity to Tl-201 rest redistribution SPECT in prediction of recovery of left ventricle function.