Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/prevention & control , Primary Prevention/methods , Tamoxifen/administration & dosage , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Humans , Long-Term Care , Middle Aged , Probability , Prognosis , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Risk Assessment , Tamoxifen/adverse effectsSubject(s)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy/methods , Estrogens/therapeutic use , Guidelines as Topic , Postmenopause , Progesterone/therapeutic use , Urinary Incontinence/diagnosis , Aged , Estrogens/administration & dosage , Estrogens/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Progesterone/administration & dosage , Progesterone/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Urinary Incontinence/drug therapy , Urinary Incontinence/epidemiologySubject(s)
Caregivers/psychology , Cost of Illness , Dementia/nursing , Guilt , Nuclear Family/psychology , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , HumansABSTRACT
New Zealand may well be unique in that in the 1976 and the 1981 Censuses of Population and Dwellings, persons over the age of 15 were asked about their cigarette smoking habits. The data are available on the basis of age and ethnicity, enabling an examination of the prevalence of ever-smoking by a cohort born some 80 years before the censuses were taken, at the end of the last century. Thus the effect of ever-smoking on mortality can be calculated. Ever regularly smoking reduced the life expectation of males by 11.7 years and females by 15.6 years. The corresponding reductions for Maori were 19.3 years and 23.8 years. The effect of smoking on health has been of epidemic proportions, notably for the Maori.
Subject(s)
Smoking/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Cohort Studies , Female , Humans , Life Expectancy , Male , Middle Aged , Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander/statistics & numerical data , New Zealand/epidemiology , Smoking/ethnology , Smoking/mortalitySubject(s)
Marketing of Health Services/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/economics , Health Services/economics , Health Services/supply & distribution , Health Services Administration , Health Services Needs and Demand , New Zealand , Primary Health Care/organization & administrationABSTRACT
It is a striking fact that in New Zealand both the economy and the health system have performed poorly in the post war era. It seems unlikely that this parallel is accidental, although we should be careful not to uncritically accept superficial explanations for it. In particular it does not seem likely that the poor economic record caused a poor health performance. Nor has poor health caused poor economic performance. The most likely explanation of the similarly poor performance of both the health and economic systems is that they have a common political and social foundation which, in both cases, resulted in the systems failing to function properly. Rather than provide a detailed critique of this foundation, we consider how we might reorganise the health system, and by implication the economy, to improve its performance.
