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1.
Biomedica ; 44(2): 155-167, 2024 05 30.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39088532

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The gag reflex is a protection mechanism that prevents food and unwanted agents from entering the lower airways. It is usually part of the physical examination of swallowing to detect oropharyngeal dysphagia, but it is a potentially ambiguous sign. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of the gag reflex in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and adults without it. Materials and methods: We conducted an analytical observational study in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (cases) and patients without dysphagia (controls). We evaluated the absence or presence of the reflex bilaterally, by direct visualization, and adjusted it according to sex, age, and other interaction variables. Results: We included 86 patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and 80 control subjects. The gag reflex on swallowing physical examination showed a positive relationship with the patients (right side: OR = 3.97; 95 % CI: 2.01-7.84; left side: OR = 4.84; 95 % CI: 2.41-9.72), but a negative association with the control group. In both groups, neither sex, nor age, nor other interaction variables modified the gag reflex. Conclusions: The gag reflex absence or presence does not confirm or exclude the existence of oropharyngeal dysphagia due to neurological and neuromuscular causes. Therefore, health professionals must not rely on this reflex. Clinicians must go beyond a simple reflex revision, even in neurological patients where it is supposed to be absent.


Introducción. El reflejo nauseoso es un mecanismo de protección que impide que alimentos y agentes no deseados penetren en la vía aérea inferior. Usualmente, hace parte del examen físico de la deglución para detectar la disfagia orofaríngea, pero es un signo potencialmente ambiguo. Objetivo. Evaluar el valor diagnóstico del reflejo nauseoso en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y en pacientes sin ella. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica (casos) y en personas sin disfagia (controles), en el cual se evaluó por visualización directa la ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso de forma bilateral. Este resultado se ajustó por sexo, edad y otras variables de interacción. Resultados. Se evaluaron 86 pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y 80 personas sin ella. En el examen físico de la deglución, la presencia del reflejo mostró una relación positiva con los pacientes (lado derecho: OR = 3,97; IC95%: 2,01-7,84; lado izquierdo: OR = 4,84; IC95%: 2,41-9,72), pero una asociación negativa con los controles. En ambos grupos, ni el sexo ni la edad, ni otras variables de interacción modificaron el reflejo nauseoso. Conclusiones. La ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso no confirma ni excluye la existencia de una disfagia orofaríngea por causas neurológicas o neuromusculares; por lo tanto, no es recomendable que los profesionales de la salud se fíen del resultado de este reflejo. Los médicos tratantes deben ir más allá de una simple revisión del reflejo nauseoso, incluso en pacientes neurológicos en quienes se supone que debería estar ausente.


Subject(s)
Deglutition Disorders , Gagging , Humans , Deglutition Disorders/etiology , Deglutition Disorders/diagnosis , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Gagging/physiology , Adult , Deglutition/physiology , Aged, 80 and over , Reflex/physiology
2.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; Biomédica (Bogotá);44(2): 155-167, ene.-jun. 2024. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1574082

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción. El reflejo nauseoso es un mecanismo de protección que impide que alimentos y agentes no deseados penetren en la vía aérea inferior. Usualmente, hace parte del examen físico de la deglución para detectar la disfagia orofaríngea, pero es un signo potencialmente ambiguo. Objetivo. Evaluar el valor diagnóstico del reflejo nauseoso en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y en pacientes sin ella. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional, analítico, en pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica (casos) y en personas sin disfagia (controles), en el cual se evaluó por visualización directa la ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso de forma bilateral. Este resultado se ajustó por sexo, edad y otras variables de interacción. Resultados. Se evaluaron 86 pacientes con disfagia orofaríngea neurogénica y 80 personas sin ella. En el examen físico de la deglución, la presencia del reflejo mostró una relación positiva con los pacientes (lado derecho: OR = 3,97; IC95%: 2,01-7,84; lado izquierdo: OR = 4,84; IC95%: 2,41-9,72), pero una asociación negativa con los controles. En ambos grupos, ni el sexo ni la edad, ni otras variables de interacción modificaron el reflejo nauseoso. Conclusiones. La ausencia o la presencia del reflejo nauseoso no confirma ni excluye la existencia de una disfagia orofaríngea por causas neurológicas o neuromusculares; por lo tanto, no es recomendable que los profesionales de la salud se fíen del resultado de este reflejo. Los médicos tratantes deben ir más allá de una simple revisión del reflejo nauseoso, incluso en pacientes neurológicos en quienes se supone que debería estar ausente.


ABSTRACT Introduction. The gag reflex is a protection mechanism that prevents food and unwanted agents from entering the lower airways. It is usually part of the physical examination of swallowing to detect oropharyngeal dysphagia, but it is a potentially ambiguous sign. Objective. To evaluate the diagnostic value of the gag reflex in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and adults without it. Materials and methods. We conducted an analytical observational study in patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia (cases) and patients without dysphagia (controls). We evaluated the absence or presence of the reflex bilaterally, by direct visualization, and adjusted it according to sex, age, and other interaction variables. Results. We included 86 patients with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia and 80 control subjects. The gag reflex on swallowing physical examination showed a positive relationship with the patients (right side: OR = 3.97; 95 % CI: 2.01-7.84; left side: OR = 4.84; 95 % CI: 2.41-9.72), but a negative association with the control group. In both groups, neither sex, nor age, nor other interaction variables modified the gag reflex. Conclusions. The gag reflex absence or presence does not confirm or exclude the existence of oropharyngeal dysphagia due to neurological and neuromuscular causes. Therefore, health professionals must not rely on this reflex. Clinicians must go beyond a simple reflex revision, even in neurological patients where it is supposed to be absent.

3.
ACS Chem Biol ; 19(3): 669-686, 2024 03 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38486495

ABSTRACT

The understanding of protein-protein interaction mechanisms is key to the atomistic description of cell signaling pathways and for the development of new drugs. In this context, the mechanism of intrinsically disordered proteins folding upon binding has attracted attention. The VirB9 C-terminal domain (VirB9Ct) and the VirB7 N-terminal motif (VirB7Nt) associate with VirB10 to form the outer membrane core complex of the Type IV Secretion System injectisome. Despite forming a stable and rigid complex, VirB7Nt behaves as a random coil, while VirB9Ct is intrinsically dynamic in the free state. Here we combined NMR, stopped-flow fluorescence, and computer simulations using structure-based models to characterize the VirB9Ct-VirB7Nt coupled folding and binding mechanism. Qualitative data analysis suggested that VirB9Ct preferentially binds to VirB7Nt by way of a conformational selection mechanism at lower temperatures. However, at higher temperatures, energy barriers between different VirB9Ct conformations are more easily surpassed. Under these conditions the formation of non-native initial encounter complexes may provide alternative pathways toward the native complex conformation. These observations highlight the intimate relationship between folding and binding, calling attention to the fact that the two molecular partners must search for the most favored intramolecular and intermolecular interactions on a rugged and funnelled conformational energy landscape, along which multiple intermediates may lead to the final native state.


Subject(s)
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins , Computer Simulation , Fluorescence , Temperature , Protein Folding , Protein Binding
4.
Front Med Technol ; 4: 980735, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36248019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Determination and development of an effective set of models leveraging Artificial Intelligence techniques to generate a system able to support clinical practitioners working with COVID-19 patients. It involves a pipeline including classification, lung and lesion segmentation, as well as lesion quantification of axial lung CT studies. Approach: A deep neural network architecture based on DenseNet is introduced for the classification of weakly-labeled, variable-sized (and possibly sparse) axial lung CT scans. The models are trained and tested on aggregated, publicly available data sets with over 10 categories. To further assess the models, a data set was collected from multiple medical institutions in Colombia, which includes healthy, COVID-19 and patients with other diseases. It is composed of 1,322 CT studies from a diverse set of CT machines and institutions that make over 550,000 slices. Each CT study was labeled based on a clinical test, and no per-slice annotation took place. This enabled a classification into Normal vs. Abnormal patients, and for those that were considered abnormal, an extra classification step into Abnormal (other diseases) vs. COVID-19. Additionally, the pipeline features a methodology to segment and quantify lesions of COVID-19 patients on the complete CT study, enabling easier localization and progress tracking. Moreover, multiple ablation studies were performed to appropriately assess the elements composing the classification pipeline. Results: The best performing lung CT study classification models achieved 0.83 accuracy, 0.79 sensitivity, 0.87 specificity, 0.82 F1 score and 0.85 precision for the Normal vs. Abnormal task. For the Abnormal vs COVID-19 task, the model obtained 0.86 accuracy, 0.81 sensitivity, 0.91 specificity, 0.84 F1 score and 0.88 precision. The ablation studies showed that using the complete CT study in the pipeline resulted in greater classification performance, restating that relevant COVID-19 patterns cannot be ignored towards the top and bottom of the lung volume. Discussion: The lung CT classification architecture introduced has shown that it can handle weakly-labeled, variable-sized and possibly sparse axial lung studies, reducing the need for expert annotations at a per-slice level. Conclusions: This work presents a working methodology that can guide the development of decision support systems for clinical reasoning in future interventionist or prospective studies.

5.
Reprod Domest Anim ; 54(1): 55-62, 2019 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30120843

ABSTRACT

Ascorbic acid (AC) used as antioxidant in embryo culture is very sensitive and degrades unavoidably in aqueous solution. Methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (CD) improved the stability of AC in solution to elevated temperature, light, humidity and oxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the complex AC-CD during in vitro maturation (IVM) or in vitro culture (IVC) on oocyte developmental competence and subsequent embryo development and quality. AC-CD (100 µM) was added to IVM media, and maturation level and embryo development were examined. Matured oocytes, their cumulus cells and produced blastocysts were snap-frozen for gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR. Besides, in vitro-produced zygotes were cultured with 100 µM of AC-CD and blastocysts were as well snap-frozen for gene expression analysis. A group without AC-CD (control- ) and other with CD (control+ ) were included. No differences were found on maturation, cleavage or blastocyst rates. However, in matured oocytes, AC-CD downregulated BAX, GPX1 and BMP15. In cumulus cells, AC-CD downregulated BAX/BCL2 and GSTA4 while upregulated BCL2 and CYP51A1. The expression of SL2A1, FADS1, PNPLA and MTORC1 was downregulated in blastocysts derived from oocytes matured with AC-CD, while in blastocysts derived from zygote cultured with AC-CD, CYP51A1 and IGF2R were downregulated and PNPLA2 was upregulated. In conclusion, AC-CD in both IVM and IVC media may reduce accumulated fat by increasing lipolysis and suppressing lipogenesis in blastocysts derived from both oocytes and zygotes cultured with AC-CD, suggesting that CD improves the quality of embryos and bioavailability of AC during IVM and IVC.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology , Embryo Culture Techniques/veterinary , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/veterinary , Animals , Cattle , Culture Media/chemistry , Cyclodextrins/chemistry , Embryo Culture Techniques/methods , Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects , In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques/methods , Lipid Metabolism/drug effects , Lipid Metabolism/genetics
6.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 7(1): 31-6, oct. 1996. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-293592

ABSTRACT

Basados en la literatura reciente y para demostrar que el manejo de exudados complicados mediante catéteres angiográficos es una técnica segura y eficiente, que ofrece una alternativa útil, como manejo de primera elección y como tratamiento complementario en casos de falla de tubos de toracostomía diseñamos el presente protocolo. En 28 pacientes con edades promedio de 52.7 años, que tenían evidencia radiográfica de derrame pleural, y que además cumplieron los criterios de Light para exudados pleurales complicados, se realizó drenaje de la colección mediante catéteres angiográficos, guiados ecográficamente. El 85.72 por ciento de los drenajes realizados, se clasificaron como exitosos. El 14.28 por ciento restante presentó liquido pleural luego del drenaje, anotando que ninguno de los drenajes fallidos requirió manejo quirúrgico. El 71.42 por ciento se manejó únicamente con catéteres angiográficos, mientras el 28.57 por ciento se les colocó catéteres luego del manejo con tubo de tórax. El tiempo necesario para el drenaje varió entre 3 y 14 días. No se observaton complicaciones mayores durante el procedimiento ni durante el tiempo de drenaje


Subject(s)
Humans , Exudates and Transudates/chemistry , Exudates and Transudates/physiology , Pleural Effusion/diagnosis , Pleural Effusion/rehabilitation
7.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 7(1): 45-8, oct. 1996. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-293595

ABSTRACT

La tomografía axial computarizada es de gran utilidad para determinar densidades grasas. Presentamos dos casos de lipomas pleurales que fueron diagnósticas con tomografía axial computarizada


Subject(s)
Humans , Lipoma/diagnosis , Lipoma/etiology , Lipoma/physiopathology , Pleural Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pleural Neoplasms/etiology
8.
CES odontol ; 8(2): 140-143, jul.-dic. 1995. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-515181

ABSTRACT

Este estudio se realizó en 85 hombres y 75 mujeres a quienes se les tomaron medidas antropométricas faciales y de crecimiento general. La recolección de los datos se hizo cada seis meses durante cuatro años y medio. Los incrementos de crecimiento para cada una de las medidas faciales tuvieron aparición en distintas edades; la longitud maxilar y la longitud mandibular fueron mayores en hombres que en mujeres. El incremento en el crecimiento general comienza más temprano en las mujeres que en los hombres. Hubo una correlación estadísticamente significativa en el progreso de la edad y el aumento de la talla en ambos sexos. No hubo correlación entre el crecimiento corporal y el aumento en las medidas faciales. A los 14 años se observó una correlación entre la medida Porion Columnella y Porion-Pogonion (0.80, p = 0.01) lo que significa que a esa edad, al aumentar una medida, aumenta también la otra. La aparición de la menarca ocurre entre los 10 y los 15 años (con mayor frecuencia entre los 12 y 14), en un estadio de osificación FG-G...


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Anthropometry , Facial Bones , Longitudinal Studies , Black or African American , Bone Development , Dentistry
9.
Rev. colomb. radiol ; 6(1): 48-60, nov. 1994. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-293697

ABSTRACT

En el presente artículo se hace una revisión de la literatura mas recientemente publicada sobre la imagenología de las lesiones intraventriculares, destacando su orígen, incidencia, aspecto escanográfico, imágen por resonancia magnética y diagnóstico tisular con base en su distribución por edad y localización anatómica. Para su abordaje diagnóstico se han dividido en lesiones atriales, del cuerpo de los ventrículos laterales, cercanas al agujero de Monro, del tercer ventrículo y del cuarto ventrículo


Subject(s)
Humans , Cerebrum/abnormalities , Cerebrum/anatomy & histology , Cerebrum/pathology , Tomography/statistics & numerical data , Cerebral Ventricles/abnormalities
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