Novel hepatoselective insulin analogues: studies with covalently linked thyroxyl-insulin complexes.

To explore the possibility that insulin analogues designed to have restricted access to peripheral tissues may display relative hepatoselectivity in vivo, Nalphabeta1-thyroxyl-insulin (B1-T4-Ins) and Nalphabeta1-thyroxyl-aminohexanoyl insulin (B1-T4-AHA-Ins) were synthesized. These insulin analogues bind thyroid hormone binding proteins to form high molecular weight complexes. Effects of intravenous infusions of B1-T4-Ins; B1-T4-AHA-Ins; combined thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and B1-T4-Ins and combined TBG and B1-T4-AHA-Ins were compared with those of insulin infusion in hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp protocols in anaesthetized beagles (n=4 and n=3 for combined TBG infusions). Glucose turnover rates were measured using D-[3-3H]glucose infusion. With all 5 protocols the rate of glucose disappearance (Rd) was increased and the rate of endogenous glucose production (Ra) decreased from basal level 13.53+/-0.60 micromol kg(-1) min(-1)(p<0.05). Insulin-like activity for Ra and Rd was calculated as the area between the basal values of each variable and the subsequent values plotted graphically against time (AUC). For insulin, B1-T4-Ins, B1-T4-AHA-Ins, combined infusions of TBG+B1-T4-Ins, and TBG+B1-T4-AHA-Ins, respectively, AUC for Rd values were 6.30+/-0.69, 3.35+/-0.53, 4.40+/-0.64, 2.82+/-0.40 and 3.46+/-0.95 (mmol kg(-1)), all analogue infusions being different from insulin (p<0.05). AUC for Rd was further reduced by addition of TBG to B1-T4-AHA-Ins (p<0.05). In contrast the effect of all analogues on AUC for Ra was similar to that of insulin. These observations are compatible with the suggestion that insulin analogues which bind to thyroid hormone binding proteins retain access to hepatic insulin receptors which primarily control Ra. The reduced peripheral insulin-like effect (Rd) could be due to reduced transcapillary access to peripheral insulin receptor sites.

Plant biochemistry of xenobiotics: isolation and properties of soybean O- and N-glucosyl and O- and N-malonyltransferases for chlorinated phenols and anilines.

O-Glucosyltransferase (O-GT), O-malonyltransferase (O-MAT), N-glucosyltransferase (N-GT), and N-malonyltransferase (N-MAT) activities have been detected in cultured soybean cells, using pentachlorophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline as xenobiotic standard substrates. The O-GT was purified approximately 1000-fold, and the N-MAT approximately 70-fold. There was an extensive copurification of O-GT and O-MAT. The following functional molecular weight values were obtained, 47 kDA (O-GT), 48 kDA (O-MAT) 43 kDa (N-GT), and 48 kDa (N-MAT). O-GT and N-MAT appeared to be monomeric polypeptides with isoelectric points of approximately 4.8 and approximately 6.1, respectively. The O-GT, N-GT, and N-MAT activities had marked substrate specificities for chlorinated aromatic xenobiotics and thus illustrate the existence of plant isoenzymes with specificity for xenobiotics.