Peripheral blood T helper type 17 frequency shows an inverse correlation with disease activity and magnetic resonance imaging-based osteitis and erosions in disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug- and steroid-naive established rheumatoid arthritis.

An increased expansion of T helper type 17 (Th17) cells in the synovium has been shown to play a key role in cartilage and bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Because the correlation of the peripheral blood helper T cell subsets and various inflammatory cytokines with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based parameters have not been studied adequately to date, we sought to look for the same in this study. RA patients with disease duration less than 36 months, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and steroid-naive, were recruited. MRI of the dominant hand and wrist was performed using a 0·2 Tesla MRI machine. Peripheral blood Th1 and Th17 were enumerated by flow cytometry and serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Forty consecutive seropositive RA patients [33 females, mean disease duration 12·2 months, mean disease activity score (DAS)28 = 4·4] were included. MRI revealed erosions in 80% of these subjects. On subgroup analysis, prevalence of erosions (94 versus 68%) as well as mean erosion score (11·5 ± 18·9 versus 3·5 ± 6·0) were significantly higher in established RA (13-36 months' duration) compared to early RA (0-12 months). The median peripheral blood Th17 frequencies were significantly higher in patients (1·4%) compared to healthy controls (0·7%) and had a strong negative correlation with MRI parameters of erosion and osteitis as well as with DAS28 in the established RA subgroup. The frequency of peripheral blood Th17 subset was significantly expanded in established RA which correlated inversely with disease activity as well as MRI based erosions and osteitis.

Formulation development and Optimization of Diclofenac Sodium Extended release Matrix tablets as per USP standards

Aim: To formulate Diclofenac sodium extended release tablets as per the standards given for extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium in USP. Materials and Methods: The extended release tablets of Diclofenac sodium was prepared by using different concentration of polymers such as hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K4M (HPMC K4M) and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose sodium K15M (HPMC K15M). The drug polymer interactions were studied by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The in vitro drug release and drug release kinetic studies of all the formulations were performed and compared with the marketed product Fenac SR. The optimization done by considering the factors such as drug release limit given as per USP standard, t50% and release exponent (‘n’ value as per Korsmeyer Peppas). Results and Conclusions: The FT-IR spectroscopy studies revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients. The drug release observed that it depends on the concentration and nature of the rate controlling polymers used. The ANOVA studies revealed that the formulations show significant effect in drug release. The optimization studies proved that the formulation containing drug, polymer (HPMC K4M) ratio of 1:1.5 (Formulation M3) is the most satisfactory formulation. The stability studies proved that the formulation is stable(AU)

Objetivo: Formular diclofenaco sódico extendido tabletas de liberación como por las normas dadas para las tabletas de liberación prolongada de diclofenaco sódico en USP. Materiales y métodos: las tabletas de liberación prolongada de sodio diclofenaco fue preparado utilizando diferente concentración de polímeros como sódico de celulosa de metilo hidroxilo propilo K4M (HPMC K4M) y sodio de celulosa de hidroxilo propil metil K15M (HPMC K15M). Las interacciones de polímero de drogas se estudiaron utilizando espectroscopia de (FT-IR) infrarroja de transformada de Fourier. La liberación de drogas in vitro y drogas liberación estudios cinéticos de todas las formulaciones fueron realizadas y en comparación con el producto comercializado Sor Fenac La optimización hecha teniendo en cuenta factores tales como límite de liberación de drogas dado por exponente de t50 estándar, % y liberación USP (‘ n ‘ valor como por Korsmeyer Peppas). Resultados y conclusiones: FT-IR la espectroscopia estudios revelaron que no hubo ninguna interacción entre drogas y excipientes. La liberación de drogas señaló que depende de la concentración y naturaleza de la tasa de control de polímeros utilizados. Los ANOVA los estudios revelaron que las formulaciones muestran un efecto significativo en la liberación de drogas. Los estudios de optimización demostraron que la formulación que contiene drogas, proporción de polímero (HPMC K4M) de 1:1.5 (formulación M3) es la formulación más satisfactoria. Los estudios de estabilidad demostraron que la formulación es estable(AU)

Design, development and optimization of buccal bioadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium for the treatment of odontalgia

The buccal tablets were formulated using the rate controlling polymers such as carbopol 974 P and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M) or Sodium alginate in various ratios by D-Optimal design. Numerical optimization technique was applied to find out the best formulation by using the software Design Expert. All the formulations were evaluated and it was found that the carbopol 974P have good bioadhesion property but the HPMC K4M controls the drug release. In vitro drug release and release exponent were considered as dependent variables for optimization. The ideal formulation was undergone in vitro diffusion studies and stability studies(AU)

Para la formulación de los comprimidos orales se usó la tasa de control de polímeros tales como carbopol 974P e hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa K4M (HPMC K4M) o alginato de sodio en varias proporciones, mediante el método de diseño D-Optimal. Se utilizó el programa Design Expert para aplicar la técnica de optimización numérica y encontrar la formulación óptima. Después de evaluar todas las formulaciones, se encontró que el carbopol 974P tiene propiedades de bioadhesión buenas pero el HPMC K4M controla la liberación del fármaco. In vitro, la liberación del fármaco y el exponente de liberación se consideraron variables dependientes para la optimización. La formulación ideal se realizó mediante estudios de difusión y de estabilidad in vitro(AU)