ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: ScaffoldGraph (SG) is an open-source Python library and command-line tool for the generation and analysis of molecular scaffold networks and trees, with the capability of processing large sets of input molecules. With the increase in high-throughput screening data, scaffold graphs have proven useful for the navigation and analysis of chemical space, being used for visualization, clustering, scaffold-diversity analysis and active-series identification. Built on RDKit and NetworkX, SG integrates scaffold graph analysis into the growing scientific/cheminformatics Python stack, increasing the flexibility and extendibility of the tool compared to existing software. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: SG is freely available and released under the MIT licence at https://github.com/UCLCheminformatics/ScaffoldGraph.
Subject(s)
Software , Trees , Family Characteristics , Gene Library , High-Throughput Screening AssaysABSTRACT
A wider application of siRNA- and miRNA- based therapeutics is restricted by the currently available delivery systems. We have designed a new type of small molecule carrier (SMoC) system for siRNA modeled to interact with cell surface proteoglycans. This bifurcated SMoC has similar affinity for the model proteoglycan heparin to an equivalent polyarginine peptide and exhibits significant mRNA knockdown of protein levels comparable to lipofectamine and the previously reported linear SMoC.
Subject(s)
Drug Carriers/chemistry , Heparin/analogs & derivatives , Proteoglycans/metabolism , RNA Interference , RNA, Small Interfering/administration & dosage , Transfection , Cell Line , Drug Carriers/metabolism , Heparin/metabolism , Humans , Lipids/chemistry , Models, Molecular , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Transfection/methodsABSTRACT
Progressive multiple sclerosis is associated with metabolic failure of the axon and excitotoxicity that leads to chronic neurodegeneration. Global sodium-channel blockade causes side effects that can limit its use for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Through selective targeting of drugs to lesions we aimed to improve the potential therapeutic window for treatment. This was assessed in the relapsing-progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ABH mouse model of multiple sclerosis using conventional sodium channel blockers and a novel central nervous system-excluded sodium channel blocker (CFM6104) that was synthesized with properties that selectively target the inflammatory penumbra in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis lesions. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine were not immunosuppressive in lymphocyte-driven autoimmunity, but slowed the accumulation of disability in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis when administered during periods of the inflammatory penumbra after active lesion formation, and was shown to limit the development of neurodegeneration during optic neuritis in myelin-specific T cell receptor transgenic mice. CFM6104 was shown to be a state-selective, sodium channel blocker and a fluorescent p-glycoprotein substrate that was traceable. This compound was >90% excluded from the central nervous system in normal mice, but entered the central nervous system during the inflammatory phase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. This occurs after the focal and selective downregulation of endothelial p-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier that occurs in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis lesions. CFM6104 significantly slowed down the accumulation of disability and nerve loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Therapeutic-targeting of drugs to lesions may reduce the potential side effect profile of neuroprotective agents that can influence neurotransmission. This class of agents inhibit microglial activity and neural sodium loading, which are both thought to contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and possibly other neurodegenerative diseases.
Subject(s)
Benzamides/therapeutic use , Indazoles/therapeutic use , Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Oxadiazoles/therapeutic use , Sodium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , Animals , Biological Specimen Banks , Brain/pathology , Carbamazepine/pharmacology , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Drug Delivery Systems , Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism , Female , Immunohistochemistry , Mass Spectrometry , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Optic Neuritis/physiopathology , T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , Uveitis/physiopathology , Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/metabolismABSTRACT
Living systems are mainly composed and regulated by compounds in four biochemical classes and their polymers-nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids. Early combinatorial chemistry libraries consisted of peptides. The present report describes the general bioactivity and biophysical properties of a combinatorial chemical library that used glyco, nucleotidyl, and lipid building blocks. The resulting chimeric combinatorial library of 361 compounds had a confirmed cumulative hit rate of 0.16%, which is 8-fold higher than a commonly claimed industrial benchmark of 0. 02%. It produced 7 structurally confirmed hits for a third of 12 proprietary drug discovery projects, and these comprised a variety of molecular targets. Diversity analyses demonstrated that despite the small number of compounds, a wider range of diversity space was covered by this library of biochemical chimeras than by a branched tripeptide library of the same size and similar generic formula.
