The Electronic Health Record in Ophthalmology: Usability Evaluation Tools for Health Care Professionals.

INTRODUCTION: The adoption of the electronic health record (EHR) has grown rapidly in ophthalmology. However, despite its potential advantages, its implementation has often led to dissatisfaction amongst health care professionals (HCP). This can be addressed using a user centred design (UCD) which is based on the philosophy that 'the final product should suit the users, rather than making the users suit the product'. There is often no agreed best practice on the role of HCPs in the UCD process. In this paper, we describe practical qualitative methodologies that can be used by HCPs in the design, implementation and evaluation of ophthalmology EHRs. METHODS: A review of current qualitative usability methodologies was conducted by practising ophthalmologists who are also qualified health informaticians. RESULTS: We identified several qualitative methodologies that could be used for EHR evaluation. These include: 1 Tools for user centred design: shadowing and autoethnography, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires 2 Tools for summative testing: card sort and reverse card sort, retrospective think aloud protocol, wireframing, screenshot testing and heat maps CONCLUSION: High-yield, low-fidelity tools can be used to engage HCPs with the process of ophthalmology EHR design, implementation and evaluation. These methods can be used by HCPs without the requirement for prior training in usability science, and by clinical centres without significant technical requirements.

Videographic Analysis of Blink Dynamics following Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty and Its Association with Dry Eye.

This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on blink dynamics and to evaluate the hypothesis that changes in blink dynamics following blepharoplasty are associated with postoperative dry eye. METHODS: The voluntary blink of 14 eyes of 7 patients with dermatochalasis undergoing upper eyelid blepharoplasty was recorded with a high-speed camera preoperatively and 6-8 months postoperatively, alongside a group of 11 controls. The images were analyzed for palpebral aperture, blink duration, and maximum velocity during opening and closing phases. Patients undergoing blepharoplasty were assessed for dry eye symptoms pre- and postoperatively at 6-8 months using the ocular surface disease index score. RESULTS: Despite intraoperative orbicularis oculi resection, there was no significant compromise of blink duration or maximum velocity of eyelid opening or closure post-blepharoplasty. Postoperatively, patients had an increase in palpebral aperture compared with both preoperatively (8.71 versus 7.85 mm; P = 0.013) and control groups (8.71 versus 7.87 mm; P = 0.04). Postoperatively at 6-8 months, there was an increase in dry eye symptoms in 6 of 7 patients compared with preoperatively (ocular surface disease index, 16.6 versus 12.5; P < 0.05). There was no positive correlation between the increase in palpebral aperture and the increase in dry eye symptoms (r = -0.4; P = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Using modern videographic technology, this study demonstrates that upper eyelid blepharoplasty results in an increase in resting palpebral aperture but has no effect on dynamic blink parameters. Changes in palpebral aperture or blink dynamics are unlikely to be the cause of dry eye syndrome following blepharoplasty.

Knowledge of Thyroid Eye Disease in Graves' Disease Patients With and Without Orbitopathy.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid eye disease (TED) develops in around 25% of those with Graves' disease (GD). Patients with TED may present late to ophthalmologists, when debilitating orbital inflammatory changes have already occurred. The reasons for this are multifactorial, but poor knowledge of TED in GD patients may be contributory. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of TED in those with established TED, GD without orbitopathy, and control subjects. METHODS: A validated, anonymized questionnaire, with 20 knowledge-based questions, was prospectively completed by 100 GD patients, 100 TED patients, and 100 age- and sex-matched controls (with no history of thyroid disease or TED) in two tertiary referral thyroid and orbital diseases clinics. Demographic data and details of highest educational level, disease duration, and follow-up were gained. Residence postcode was used to determine Index of Multiple Deprivation (2015) quintile. Knowledge score was established for each of the study groups of interest. Statistical analysis was undertaken with Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in median knowledge scores (out of 20) between GD (13.71, range 9-18) and TED (14.25, range 9-18) patients. However, both groups had significantly higher scores than controls (11.53, range 4-16; p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis determined no particular independent factor associated with lower knowledge score. There were a number of important areas in which patient knowledge of TED was poor. While almost all (99% TED, 89% GD) knew that TED involved orbital tissue inflammation, a large proportion (60% TED, 50% GD) were unaware that TED may develop in the absence of hyperthyroidism or did not know that cigarette smoking is associated with more severe TED (21%TED, 33% GD). CONCLUSIONS: TED patients had equivalent levels of TED knowledge compared to GD patients without orbitopathy. While subjects in both disease groups had greater knowledge than controls, each had significant misconceptions regarding aspects of TED diagnosis, management, and treatment. These findings should guide the future provision of patient information for TED, with educational materials being targeted to address existing gaps in knowledge.

Management of acute retrobulbar haemorrhage: a survey of non-ophthalmic emergency department physicians.

INTRODUCTION: Acute retrobulbar haemorrhage (RBH) with orbital compartment syndrome is a sight-threatening ophthalmic emergency requiring treatment with lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LC/C). However, such cases may present to non-ophthalmic emergency departments (ED) out-of-hours, when specialist intervention is not readily available. We completed a survey of ED physicians to explore experiences of RBH and confidence in undertaking LC/C. METHODS: From February to April 2018, an online survey was sent to ED physicians of all training grades in seven UK locations. The survey comprised a case vignette of a patient presenting with clinical features of RBH with orbital compartment syndrome, with multiple choice questions on the diagnosis, management and onward referral of such cases. Additional questions explored the experience of RBH, LC/C and perspectives on current and future training of ED physicians in this area. RESULTS: 190 ED doctors completed the survey (response rate 70%). While 82.8% correctly diagnosed RBH and 95.7% recognised irreversible visual loss as a consequence of untreated RBH with orbital compartment syndrome, 78.7% indicated that they would initially undertake CT imaging rather than performing LC/C. Only 38.9% had previously encountered a case of RBH and only 37.1% would perform LC/C themselves, with 91.4% indicating that this was due to lack of training. 92.2% felt that more training was required for ED physicians in RBH management and performing LC/C. CONCLUSION: While cases of RBH with orbital compartment syndrome are infrequent, it is important that RBH management with the vital, sight-saving skill of LC/C is added to the United Kingdom Royal College of Emergency Medicine training curriculum. At present, though the majority of ED physicians can identify RBH, the minority are willing or able to undertake LC/C, potentially risking irreversible but avoidable visual loss.

Patients' expectations for the functional and psychosocial outcomes of orbital decompression surgery for thyroid eye disease: a qualitative study.

Patients with appearance-altering conditions may be dissatisfied with the outcomes of reconstructive surgery due to unmet expectations. This study explored patients' expectations of orbital decompression surgery for thyroid eye disease (TED) and whether these were met. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at two times: (1) in the weeks after patients were listed for decompression surgery and before surgery; (2) up to 12 months after surgery. Thematic analysis was performed for each time point, to identify themes within the data. Fourteen adults with TED were interviewed prior to surgery and five were followed up after surgery. Thematic analyses found: (1) Prior to surgery, patients had formed expectations through online information about the procedure, consultations with physicians, the impact TED had on their lives, and speaking to relevant others. Patients had specific expectations about the procedure, the recovery, post-operative appearance and post-operative vision. (2) After surgery, patients generally felt their appearance and well-being had improved. However, dissatisfaction was linked to unanticipated specific aspects of surgical care, recovery, or appearance. Dissatisfaction can arise from unmet expectations for the outcomes of reconstructive surgery. Physicians should be aware of the processes by which patients form expectations, for example different types and quality of online information. Ensuring that preoperative expectations are realistic could enhance satisfaction after surgery.

Do Demographic Factors Influence Uveitis Patients' Understanding of Uveitis?

PURPOSE: To establish how much uveitis patients know about their own condition and to investigate the contribution of demographic factors to that knowledge. METHODS: A self-designed questionnaire, comprising 20 questions about uveitis, was distributed to 200 consecutive patients attending a uveitis clinic. The questionnaire requested demographic details and required responses to uveitis-specific knowledge questions. Postcode was used to determine level of social deprivation using Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007. Univariate analyses with the Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were utilized. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to simultaneously measure the independent influence of demographic variables on the level of patients' understanding of their condition. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 62% were female, 71% aged >40 years and 67% of white ethnic origin, with 41% having been under the care of a uveitis specialist for >10 years and 72% attending ≥3 clinic appointments in the preceding 12 months. Median questionnaire score (out of 60) was 27 (interquartile range, IQR 15). Females scored significantly higher than males (30 vs 24; p = 0.001), but there was no difference according to age, ethnicity, or social deprivation quintile, nor the duration patients had been under ophthalmic review or number of clinic attendances in the preceding 12 months. Multivariable analyses determined no independent influence of any of the factors on the uveitis questionnaire score. CONCLUSIONS: Uveitis patients' understanding of their condition is poor. This has relevance for adherence to treatment, follow-up clinic attendance, and eventual outcomes in these patients.

Drug discovery in ophthalmology: past success, present challenges, and future opportunities.

BACKGROUND: Drug discovery has undergone major transformations in the last century, progressing from the recognition and refinement of natural products with therapeutic benefit, to the systematic screening of molecular libraries on whole organisms or cell lines and more recently to a more target-based approach driven by greater knowledge of the physiological and pathological pathways involved. Despite this evolution increasing challenges within the drug discovery industry are causing escalating rates of failure of development pipelines. DISCUSSION: We review the challenges facing the drug discovery industry, and discuss what attempts are being made to increase the productivity of drug development, including a refocusing on the study of the basic biology of the disease, and an embracing of the concept of 'translational research'. We consider what ophthalmic drug discovery can learn from the sector in general and discuss strategies to overcome the present limitations. This includes advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of disease; improvements in animal models of human disease; improvements in ophthalmic drug delivery and attempts at patient stratification within clinical trials. As we look to the future, we argue that investment in ophthalmic drug development must continue to cover the whole translational spectrum (from 'bench to bedside and back again') with recognition that both biological discovery and clinical understanding will drive drug discovery, providing safe and effective therapies for ocular disease.

Profound hypotony maculopathy in a first episode of bilateral idiopathic acute anterior uveitis.

BACKGROUND: We report a case of a HLA-B27 negative patient presenting with severe, bilateral, idiopathic acute anterior uveitis with acute hypotony and hypotony maculopathy as their first uveitic episode. CASE PRESENTATION: Within a week of onset of her first episode of acute anterior uveitis, a 45 year-old Caucasian lady developed profound ocular hypotony with unrecordable intraocular pressures, reduced vision and choroidal folds. All investigations were negative. Uveitic hypotony responded slowly to corticosteroids--intravenous, oral and topical--with normalization of intraocular pressure and resolution of choroidal folds after two months. Anterior uveitis and hypotony have not returned with six months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Bilateral, profound hypotony maculopathy may present acutely in idiopathic acute anterior uveitis, may be slow to respond to treatment and should be considered as a cause of vision loss in patients with this condition.

Clinical challenges of thyroid eye disease in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND: Graves' disease (GD) as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV has previously been reported. However, clinical challenges associated with HIV in the context of thyroid eye disease (TED) are not as well-characterized. OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of coexisting HIV and TED, describe TED presentation and course in the context of HIV, and evaluate management difficulties as well as potential solutions. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of all patients with coexisting GD and HIV at University Hospitals Birmingham (2003-2014). Retrospective case note review to identify TED with particular reference to HAART regimen, CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, and TED activity and severity. RESULTS: Of 783 subjects with GD and 1186 with HIV, 11 were identified with both GD and HIV. Of these, three had clinical features of TED; each was of Afro-Caribbean origin, was in their fourth decade, and initially presented with undetectable CD4 T cells and high HIV viral loads. All went on to develop GD >3 years after commencing HAART, with normal CD4 count and undetectable viral load at the time of GD diagnosis. The full spectrum of TED was represented, with two subjects requiring orbital decompression surgery. DISCUSSION: TED in the context of HIV is uncommon. Many challenges exist in such patients, particularly HAART drug interactions with antithyroid and immunosuppressant medications. To better understand TED in HIV and to counsel patients with this copathology most effectively, future multicenter surveillance is required.

Are ethnicity, social grade, and social deprivation associated with severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy?

PURPOSE: Previous studies have extensively investigated the pathophysiology, genetics, and lifestyle risk factors of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The aim of this study was to investigate the independent contribution of ethnic origin, social grade, and level of social deprivation to TAO severity in a large, multiethnic, and urban population. METHODS: Retrospective case note review of all TAO patients seen at Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, United Kingdom over a 14-year period. Ethnicity (White, Asian, or Black) was recorded, and residence postcode was used to determine social grade (National Readership Survey classification) and level of social deprivation (Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007). TAO severity was defined by European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy criteria. Moderate-to-severe: necessity for TAO treatment with oral or intravenous steroid, long-term immunosuppressants, or orbital radiotherapy. Sight-threatening: presence of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) or need for urgent orbital decompression surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to measure the independent influence of ethnicity, social grade, and social deprivation on indicators of severe TAO. RESULTS: Lower social grade was significantly associated with increased odds ratio (OR) of TAO patients having severe TAO, including treatment with oral (OR: 2.3 (95% CI 1.1-5.1) p = 0.03) and intravenous steroid (OR: 2.6 (95% CI 1.0-7.0) p = 0.04) and DON (OR: 4.0 (95% CI 1.2-12.7) p = 0.02), compared with those of highest social grade. Similar results were observed for social deprivation. Ethnicity had no independent association with any measure of TAO severity. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, lower social grade and higher social deprivation, but not ethnicity, had independent, statistically significant association with more severe TAO.

Patient information in Graves' disease and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: readability assessment of online resources.

BACKGROUND: The Internet is a vital source of information for patients hoping to learn more about their disease. Health literacy of the general population is known to be poor, with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) recommending that patient-oriented literature be written at a fourth- to sixth-grade reading level to optimize comprehensibility. In this study we assessed the readability of online literature specifically for Graves' disease (GD) and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). METHODS: Readability of the content of the top 20 English-language GD patient-oriented online resources and top 30 of the equivalent TAO resources returned by Google search was analyzed. Web pages were identified using the Google search terms "Graves' disease" and "Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy," respectively. Extraneous text (e.g., hyperlinks, affiliations, disclaimers) was removed. Relevant text proceeded to readability analysis using four validated measures: Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and Gunning-Fog Index. Readability was compared with USDHHS standards. RESULTS: Overall, median word count (with interquartile range [IQR] and range) was 990 (IQR 846, 195-3867), with a median of 18 words per sentence (IQR 4.0, 7.5-28). Median Flesch Reading Ease Score was 46 (IQR 13, 24-64), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level 11 (IQR 3.0, 7.2-17), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook 13 (IQR 2.0, 9.6-17), and Gunning-Fog Index 13 (IQR 3.0, 9.2-19), each equivalent to a reading level of >11th grade and "difficult" on the USDHHS classification. None of the web pages evaluated had readability scores in accordance with published guidelines. There was no significant difference with the country of origin of each web page, website commercial status, or with pages predominantly focused on GD or TAO. CONCLUSIONS: Readability scores for online GD and TAO patient-focused materials are inferior to those recommended. Screening of this online material, as well as subsequent revision, is crucial to increase future patient knowledge, satisfaction, and compliance.

Defining the limits of normal conjunctival fornix anatomy in a healthy South Asian population.

PURPOSE: Quantifying the extent of conjunctival fibrosis for documentation of progression in conjunctival scarring disease is a clinical challenge. Measurement of forniceal foreshortening facilitates monitoring of these disorders. This study aims (1) to define the limits of the normal human conjunctival fornices and how these alter with age and (2) to provide normative data for upper and lower fornix depths (FDs) and fornix intercanthal distance (FICD) within a healthy South Asian, racially distinct population. DESIGN: Epidemiologic, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 240 subjects with national origins from South Asia, with no known ocular history and normal adnexal and conjunctival examination, aged 20 to 80 years. METHODS: An FICD modification of a custom-designed fornix depth measurer (FDM) was validated and used for measurement of both lower and upper FDs together with FICDs in 480 healthy eyes with no ocular comorbidities. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean lower and upper FDs and FICD for the entire cohort, stratified according to age decade and sex. RESULTS: For this South Asian population, the overall upper and lower FDs were 15.3 mm (95% CI, 14.9-15.6) and 10.9 mm (95% CI, 10.7-11.1), respectively, with FICD defined as 32.9 mm (95% CI, 32.5-33.4) (upper) and 31.7 mm (95% CI, 31.3-32.1) (lower). With increasing age, a progressive reduction of all measured parameters (P < 0.001) was noted, with female subjects having significantly shallower fornices (upper FD, P < 0.001; lower FD, P < 0.001; upper FICD, P = 0.081; and lower FICD, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to define the limits of normal upper FD and FICDs in any population group. Our study demonstrates sex variations and progressive conjunctival shrinkage with age. Although it provides important, objective data for normal forniceal anatomy, further study is recommended in other populations to confirm the generalizability of these data or to enable normal comparative datasets for the assessment of conjunctival scarring disorders among all anthropological groups.

Readability assessment of online ophthalmic patient information.

IMPORTANCE: Patients increasingly use the Internet to access information related to their disease, but poor health literacy is known to impact negatively on medical outcomes. Multiple agencies have recommended that patient-oriented literature be written at a fourth- to sixth-grade (9-12 years of age) reading level to assist understanding. The readability of online patient-oriented materials related to ophthalmic diagnoses is not yet known. OBJECTIVE: To assess the readability of online literature specifically for a range of ophthalmic conditions. DESIGN AND SETTING: Body text of the top 10 patient-oriented websites for 16 different ophthalmic diagnoses, covering the full range of ophthalmic subspecialties, was analyzed for readability, source (United Kingdom vs non-United Kingdom, not for profit vs commercial), and appropriateness for sight-impaired readers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Four validated readability formulas were used: Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Gunning Fog Index (GFOG). Data were compared with the Mann-Whitney test (for 2 groups) and Kruskal-Wallis test (for more than 2 groups) and correlation was assessed by the Spearman r. RESULTS: None of the 160 webpages had readability scores within published guidelines, with 83% assessed as being of "difficult" readability. Not-for-profit webpages were of significantly greater length than commercial webpages (P = .02) and UK-based webpages had slightly superior readability scores compared with those of non-UK webpages (P = .004 to P < .001, depending on the readability formula used). Of all webpages evaluated, only 34% included facility to adjust text size to assist visually impaired readers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess readability of patient-focused webpages specifically for a range of ophthalmic diagnoses. In keeping with previous studies in other medical conditions, we determined that readability scores were inferior to those recommended, irrespective of the measure used. Although readability is only one aspect of how well a patient-oriented webpage may be comprehended, we recommend the use of readability scoring when producing such resources in the future. Minimum readability policies and inclusion of facilities within webpages to maximize viewing potential for visually impaired readers are important to ensure that online ophthalmic patient information is accessible to the broadest audience possible.

Ophthalmic manifestations of atypical IgD multiple myeloma.

A previously healthy 32-year-old Caucasian female presented with sudden-onset horizontal diplopia following a paroxysm of coughing. She had recently sustained a pubic ramus fracture during an innocuous fall and had also noted a firm lump developing at the right side of her forehead. On examination, she had a right fronto-temporal mass. Visual acuities were 6/6 bilaterally. There was reduced abduction of the right eye, bilateral white, granular corneal opacities and evidence of bilateral optic disc swelling. Haematological investigations revealed normocytic anaemia, hypercalcaemia and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). CT showed lytic foci throughout the skull, ribs, scapulae, spine, pelvis and upper femora. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed immunoglobulin D (IgD)-kappa paraproteinaemia; urine electrophoresis showed free light chain kappa and bone marrow biopsy demonstrated 87% plasma cells. A diagnosis of IgD multiple myeloma was made, with subsequent chemotherapeutic treatment and eventual autologous stem cell transplant resulting in resolution of neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and prolonged disease remission.

A case of ectopic cilia in nail-patella syndrome.

Both ectopic cilia and nail-patella syndrome (NPS) are rare entities. To our knowledge we report the first case of the two anomalies coexisting in one patient. We present the case of a 2-year-old girl, with no other ophthalmic complication of NPS, who had an excellent cosmetic outcome and no lesion recurrence following surgical excision of ectopic cilia.

Alfentanil sedation for oculoplastic surgery: the patient experience.

PURPOSE: A number of agents have previously been reported to be safe and effective for sedation and analgesia in ophthalmic surgery under local anaesthesia, but there has been no previous patient-focused assessment of this form of conscious sedation. We present a patient satisfaction survey, including a validated pain score, for patients undergoing oculoplastic procedures under local anaesthesia with alfentanil sedation. METHODS: A prospective, non-randomized, questionnaire-based study of the experience, satisfaction and pain scores of consecutive patients undergoing oculoplastic procedures under local anaesthesia with alfentanil sedation at University Hospital, Coventry, UK, under the care of one Consultant Oculoplastic Surgeon between 2006 and 2009. RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-seven patients were surveyed over the 3-year period. Overall, 52% were female and 89% of Caucasian ethnic origin. Mean duration of surgical procedures was 34 minutes (range 2-120 minutes). Over 90% of patients described a low pain score, both during the local anaesthetic injection and per-operatively, and 98% stated that they were happy to have this sedation technique for further oculoplastic surgery in future. Side effects related to sedation were reported in 5% of patients. There were no conversions to general anaesthesia and no day-case patients required an overnight in-patient stay. CONCLUSION: Conscious sedation with alfentanil for oculoplastic procedures under local anaesthesia results in low pain scores and high patient satisfaction with minimal complications.

Reversible branch retinal artery occlusion following intravenous cisplatin chemotherapy for cervical carcinoma.

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used to treat solid tumours. We present a case of reversible CDDP-associated branch retinal artery occlusion.