ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Studies relating cardiovascular outcomes to dietary or blood measures of various fatty acids rely on the implicit assumptions that dietary change results in changes in blood fatty acids that, in turn, alter cardiac fatty acids. Although dietary intakes of n-3 (omega-3), n-6 (omega-6), and trans fatty acids are reflected in their concentrations in blood, there are few human data on the relation between blood and cardiac concentrations of fatty acids. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to explore relations between blood and myocardial n-3, n-6, trans, monosaturated, and saturated fatty acids over a range of community intakes to evaluate whether blood fatty acids are useful surrogate markers of their cardiac counterparts. DESIGN: Patients undergoing on-pump coronary bypass surgery were recruited. Right atrial appendages and blood were collected at surgery for fatty acid analysis. RESULTS: Atrial appendages and matching blood samples were collected from 61 patients. Highly significant correlations were identified between atrial and erythrocyte or plasma n-3 [eg, eicosapentaenoic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.93, P < 0.0001; plasma: r = 0.87, P < 0.0001)], some n-6 [eg, arachidonic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.45, P = 0.0003; plasma: r = 0.39, P = 0.002)], trans [eg, total trans 18:1 (erythrocytes: r = 0.89, P < 0.0001; plasma: r = 0.74, P < 0.0001)], and monounsaturated [eg, oleic acid (erythrocytes: r = 0.37, P = 0.003)] fatty acids. There were no statistical associations between blood and cardiac saturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION: Erythrocyte- and plasma phospholipid-derived fatty acids can be used to estimate cardiac fatty acid status in humans.
Subject(s)
Atrial Appendage/metabolism , Coronary Artery Bypass , Diet , Dietary Fats/blood , Fatty Acids/blood , Nutritional Status , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Erythrocytes/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardium/metabolism , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Increased fish or fish-oil consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiac mortality, especially sudden death. This benefit putatively arises from the incorporation of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into cardiomyocyte phospholipids. OBJECTIVE: The study examined the kinetics of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into human myocardial membrane phospholipids during supplementation with fish oil and alpha-linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil. DESIGN: Patients with low self-reported fish intake (<1 fish meal/wk and no oil supplements) accepted for elective cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly allocated to 1 of 6 groups: no supplement; fish oil (6 g EPA+DHA/d) for either 7, 14, or 21 d before surgery; flaxseed oil; or olive oil (both 10 mL/d for 21 d before surgery). Right atrial appendage tissue removed during surgery and blood collected at enrollment and before surgery were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids. RESULTS: Surgery rescheduling resulted in a range of treatment times from 7 to 118 d. In the fish-oil-treated subjects, accumulation of EPA and DHA in the right atrium was curvilinear with time and reached a maximum at approximately 30 d of treatment and displaced mainly arachidonic acid. Flaxseed oil supplementation yielded a small increase in atrial EPA but not DHA, whereas olive oil did not significantly change atrial n-3 fatty acids. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show that dietary n-3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into human myocardial phospholipids at the expense of arachidonic acid during high-dose fish-oil supplementation.
