Supervisory turnover in outpatient substance abuse treatment.

Staff turnover is a significant issue within substance abuse treatment, with implications for service delivery and organizational health. This study examined factors associated with turnover among supervisors in outpatient substance abuse treatment. Turnover was conceptualized as being an individual response to organizational-level influences, and predictors represent aggregate program measures. Participants included 532 staff (including 467 counselors and 65 clinical/program directors) from 90 programs in four regions of the USA. Using logistic regression, analyses of structural factors indicated that programs affiliated with a parent organization and those providing more counseling hours to clients had higher turnover rates. When measures of job attitudes were included, only parent affiliation and collective appraisal of satisfaction were related to turnover. Subsequent analyses identified a trend toward increased supervisory turnover when satisfaction was low following the departure of a previous supervisor. These findings suggest that organizational-level factors can be influential in supervisory turnover.

Organizational correlates of service availability in outpatient substance abuse treatment programs.

In pursuit of quality care for drug abuse treatment programs, researchers continue to monitor program characteristics related to service provision. The current study examines 115 outpatient drug-free programs in four U.S. regions and documents typical methods of offering an array of services and the relationship between program characteristics and services offered onsite and by referral. Core services (e.g., comprehensive assessments) are offered primarily onsite, whereas delivery methods of wraparound services are mixed with transitional services offered generally onsite and medical services traditionally offered offsite. Accredited programs offered more core services onsite, while those providing case management offered more core and wraparound services onsite. Programs with a higher proportion of dually diagnosed clients offered more core services onsite and fewer wraparound services by referral. Programs with a higher concentration of criminal justice-referred clients offered fewer core services onsite. These findings suggest ways of improving access to services.

Predictors of change in the provision of services within outpatient substance abuse treatment programs.

The current study examines patterns and predictors of change over a 2-year period in whether outpatient core and wraparound services are offered on-site or by referral. A sample of 69 outpatient nonmethadone programs from 4 US regions provided organizational information across a 2-year period. Services provided within outpatient substance abuse programs were relatively stable over time, particularly with regard to core therapeutic services. The use of referral networks to provide a broader array of wraparound services increased, with programs adding services that reflect recent national initiatives toward program improvement, namely pharmacotherapy, medical diagnosis and treatment, and psychiatric services. Organizational factors such as parent affiliation, counselor caseload, staff size, budget change, and proportion of dually diagnosed clients were related to change in core and wraparound services. Dynamic organizational factors such as staff size and budgets can serve as barriers to and/or facilitate change in service provision over time and have managerial and policy implications.

The development and validation of a transformational leadership survey for substance use treatment programs.

Directors in substance use treatment programs are increasingly required to respond to external economic and socio-political pressures. Leadership practices that promote innovation can help offset these challenges. Using focus groups, factor analysis, and validation instruments, the current study developed and established psychometrics for the Survey of Transformational Leadership. In 2008, clinical directors were evaluated on leadership practices by 214 counselors within 57 programs in four U.S. regions. Nine themes emerged: integrity, sensible risk, demonstrates innovation, encourages innovation, inspirational motivation, supports others, develops others, delegates tasks, and expects excellence. Study implications, limitations, and suggested future directions are discussed.

Leadership, burnout, and job satisfaction in outpatient drug-free treatment programs.

Counselors are a critical component of substance abuse treatment programming, but their working experiences are not yet well understood. As treatment improvement efforts focus increasingly on these individuals, their perceptions of program leadership, emotional burnout, and job satisfaction and related attitudes take on greater significance. This study explores counselor views and the impact of organizational context using data from a nationwide set of 94 outpatient drug-free treatment programs in a hierarchical linear model analysis. Results show counselors hold generally positive opinions of program director leadership and job satisfaction and have low levels of burnout, but they also have important variations in their ratings. Higher counselor caseloads were related to poorer ratings, and leadership behaviors predicted both satisfaction and burnout. These findings add further evidence that treatment providers should also address the workplace environment for staff as part of quality improvement efforts.