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1.
J Med Chem ; 67(12): 10248-10262, 2024 Jun 27.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38848667

ABSTRACT

Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of γ-secretase modulator (GSM) clinical candidate PF-06648671 (22) for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A key component of the design involved a 2,5-cis-tetrahydrofuran (THF) linker to impart conformational rigidity and lock the compound into a putative bioactive conformation. This effort was guided using a pharmacophore model since crystallographic information was not available for the membrane-bound γ-secretase protein complex at the time of this work. PF-06648671 achieved excellent alignment of whole cell in vitro potency (Aß42 IC50 = 9.8 nM) and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters. This resulted in favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profile in preclinical species, and PF-06648671 achieved a human PK profile suitable for once-a-day dosing. Furthermore, PF-06648671 was found to have favorable brain availability in rodent, which translated into excellent central exposure in human and robust reduction of amyloid ß (Aß) 42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).


Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases , Amyloid beta-Peptides , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism , Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy , Humans , Animals , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Rats , Structure-Activity Relationship , Mice , Male , Drug Discovery , Furans/pharmacology , Furans/pharmacokinetics , Furans/chemical synthesis , Furans/chemistry , Furans/therapeutic use , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Brain/metabolism
2.
Bioorg Med Chem ; 28(10): 115481, 2020 05 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32253095

ABSTRACT

Herein, we disclose a new series of TYK2/ JAK1 inhibitors based upon a 3.1.0 azabicyclic substituted pyrimidine scaffold. We illustrate the use of structure-based drug design for the initial design and subsequent optimization of this series of compounds. One advanced example 19 met program objectives for potency, selectivity and ADME, and demonstrated oral activity in the adjuvant-induced arthritis rat model.


Subject(s)
Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy , Drug Design , Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , TYK2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Humans , Janus Kinase 1/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Structure-Activity Relationship , TYK2 Kinase/metabolism
3.
J Med Chem ; 61(19): 8597-8612, 2018 10 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30113844

ABSTRACT

Cytokine signaling is an important characteristic of autoimmune diseases. Many pro-inflammatory cytokines signal through the Janus kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. JAK1 is important for the γ-common chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, and type-I interferon (IFN) family, while TYK2 in addition to type-I IFN signaling also plays a role in IL-23 and IL-12 signaling. Intervention with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or JAK1 inhibitors has demonstrated efficacy in Phase III psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis studies, leading to multiple drug approvals. We hypothesized that a dual JAK1/TYK2 inhibitor will provide additional efficacy, while managing risk by optimizing selectivity against JAK2 driven hematopoietic changes. Our program began with a conformationally constrained piperazinyl-pyrimidine Type 1 ATP site inhibitor, subsequent work led to the discovery of PF-06700841 (compound 23), which is in Phase II clinical development (NCT02969018, NCT02958865, NCT03395184, and NCT02974868).


Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology , Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control , Janus Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , TYK2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors , Tuberculosis/complications , Animals , Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced , Arthritis, Experimental/microbiology , Female , Molecular Structure , Rats , Rats, Inbred Lew , Tuberculosis/microbiology
4.
Protein Sci ; 25(2): 360-73, 2016 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26444971

ABSTRACT

The most common mutation in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is deletion of F508 (ΔF508) in the first nucleotide binding domain (NBD1) of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). ΔF508 causes a decrease in the trafficking of CFTR to the cell surface and reduces the thermal stability of isolated NBD1; it is well established that both of these effects can be rescued by additional revertant mutations in NBD1. The current paradigm in CF small molecule drug discovery is that, like revertant mutations, a path may exist to ΔF508 CFTR correction through a small molecule chaperone binding to NBD1. We, therefore, set out to find small molecule binders of NBD1 and test whether it is possible to develop these molecules into potent binders that increase CFTR trafficking in CF-patient-derived human bronchial epithelial cells. Several fragments were identified that bind NBD1 at either the CFFT-001 site or the BIA site. However, repeated attempts to improve the affinity of these fragments resulted in only modest gains. Although these results cannot prove that there is no possibility of finding a high-affinity small molecule binder of NBD1, they are discouraging and lead us to hypothesize that the nature of these two binding sites, and isolated NBD1 itself, may not contain the features needed to build high-affinity interactions. Future work in this area may, therefore, require constructs including other domains of CFTR in addition to NBD1, if high-affinity small molecule binding is to be achieved.


Subject(s)
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/genetics , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis/genetics , Drug Discovery , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cystic Fibrosis/drug therapy , Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator/chemistry , Humans , Molecular Docking Simulation , Protein Binding , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Sequence Deletion , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry
5.
J Med Chem ; 55(21): 9069-88, 2012 Nov 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22468999

ABSTRACT

The aspartyl protease ß-secretase, or BACE, has been demonstrated to be a key factor in the proteolytic formation of Aß-peptide, a major component of plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and inhibition of this enzyme has emerged as a major strategy for pharmacologic intervention in AD. An X-ray-based fragment screen of Pfizer's proprietary fragment collection has resulted in the identification of a novel BACE binder featuring spiropyrrolidine framework. Although exhibiting only weak inhibitory activity against the BACE enzyme, the small compound was verified by biophysical and NMR-based methods as a bona fide BACE inhibitor. Subsequent optimization of the lead compound, relying heavily on structure-based drug design and computational prediction of physiochemical properties, resulted in a nearly 1000-fold improvement in potency while maintaining ligand efficiency and properties predictive of good permeability and low P-gp liability.


Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrrolidines/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/chemistry , Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Drug Design , Humans , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pyrrolidines/chemical synthesis , Pyrrolidines/pharmacology , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesis , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship
6.
J Med Chem ; 55(7): 3414-24, 2012 Apr 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22420884

ABSTRACT

Replacement of the central, para-substituted fluorophenyl ring in the γ-secretase inhibitor 1 (BMS-708,163) with the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane motif led to the discovery of compound 3, an equipotent enzyme inhibitor with significant improvements in passive permeability and aqueous solubility. The modified biopharmaceutical properties of 3 translated into excellent oral absorption characteristics (~4-fold ↑ C(max) and AUC values relative to 1) in a mouse model of γ-secretase inhibition. In addition, SAR studies into other fluorophenyl replacements indicate the intrinsic advantages of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane moiety over conventional phenyl ring replacements with respect to achieving an optimal balance of properties (e.g., γ-secretase inhibition, aqueous solubility/permeability, in vitro metabolic stability). Overall, this work enhances the scope of the [1.1.1]-bicycle beyond that of a mere "spacer" unit and presents a compelling case for its broader application as a phenyl group replacement in scenarios where the aromatic ring count impacts physicochemical parameters and overall drug-likeness.


Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/chemical synthesis , Oxadiazoles/chemical synthesis , Pentanes/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Biological Availability , Brain/metabolism , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacokinetics , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacology , Cell Line , Dogs , Female , Humans , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Oxadiazoles/pharmacokinetics , Oxadiazoles/pharmacology , Pentanes/pharmacokinetics , Pentanes/pharmacology , Rats , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Tissue Distribution
7.
J Med Chem ; 54(22): 7772-83, 2011 Nov 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21995460

ABSTRACT

A metabolism-based approach toward the optimization of a series of N-arylsulfonamide-based γ-secretase inhibitors is reported. The lead cyclohexyl analogue 6 suffered from extensive oxidation on the cycloalkyl motif by cytochrome P450 3A4, translating into poor human liver microsomal stability. Knowledge of the metabolic pathways of 6 triggered a structure-activity relationship study aimed at lowering lipophilicity through the introduction of polarity. This effort led to several tetrahydropyran and tetrahydrofuran analogues, wherein the 3- and 4-substituted variants exhibited greater microsomal stability relative to their 2-substituted counterparts. Further reduction in lipophilicity led to the potent γ-secretase inhibitor and 3-substituted oxetane 1 with a reduced propensity toward oxidative metabolism, relative to its 2-substituted isomer. The slower rates of metabolism with 3-substituted cyclic ethers most likely originate from reductions in lipophilicity and/or unfavorable CYP active site interactions with the heteroatom. Preliminary animal pharmacology studies with a representative oxetane indicate that the series is generally capable of lowering Aß in vivo. As such, the study also illustrates the improvement in druglikeness of molecules through the use of the oxetane motif.


Subject(s)
Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors , Ethers, Cyclic/chemical synthesis , Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis , Amyloid beta-Peptides/cerebrospinal fluid , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Crystallography, X-Ray , Dogs , Drug Design , Ethers, Cyclic/metabolism , Ethers, Cyclic/pharmacology , Humans , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Oxidation-Reduction , Receptors, Notch/metabolism , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfonamides/metabolism , Sulfonamides/pharmacology , Tissue Distribution
8.
J Med Chem ; 54(6): 1724-39, 2011 Mar 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21366332

ABSTRACT

A novel series of mGluR2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), 1-[(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl]-4-phenylpiperidines, is herein disclosed. Structure-activity relationship studies led to potent, selective mGluR2 PAMs with excellent pharmacokinetic profiles. A representative lead compound (+)-17e demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and mescaline-induced scratching in mice, providing support for potential efficacy in treating psychosis.


Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/chemical synthesis , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemical synthesis , Imidazoles/chemical synthesis , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism , Allosteric Regulation , Animals , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology , Biological Availability , Brain/metabolism , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacokinetics , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology , Cell Line , Dogs , Humans , Hyperkinesis/chemically induced , Hyperkinesis/drug therapy , Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics , Imidazoles/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Methamphetamine , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Piperidines/pharmacokinetics , Piperidines/pharmacology , Protein Conformation , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship
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