Adaptation and validation of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for the Chilean context (NEMS-P-Ch)

There is an increasing interest in having validated instruments that can classify food environments due to their influence on eating behavior and nutritional status. In Chile, it is not known how people perceive food environments and only a few studies have adapted instruments to the Chilean context, all of which use objective measures. The aim of this study is to present the adaptation and validation of the Perceived Nutrition Environment Measures Survey (NEMS-P-Ch) for Chile using a cross-sectional, non-probability study. First, the NEMS-P was adapted in 3 stages: cultural translation and adaptation, expert judgment (focus groups), and cognitive interviews with a population similar to the target audience. Then, the adapted questionnaire (NEMS-P for Chile, NEMS-P-Ch) was tested on people responsible for buying food in their homes in the Metropolitan Region, Chile, for statistical validation. After 200 people completed the questionnaire a final version of the NEMS-P-Ch was generated with 48 questions and seven sections that measure food environments: home, food supply, restaurants and street. NEMS-P-Ch had acceptable reliability in more than half of the questions analyzed, with Cronbach's alpha values between 0.44 and 0.82. Acceptable values were also obtained for most of the questions when the consistency of the instrument was evaluated after applying it for the second time (n= 167). The NEMS-P-Ch adapted to the Chilean context showed acceptable validity and reliability. Having instruments adapted and validated to the national reality will promote their use and adaptation in other countries of the region and thus deepen the study of food environments in various territories and populations.

El creciente interés por contar con instrumentos validados que clasifiquen los ambientes alimentarios se debe a la influencia que estos tienen en la conducta alimentaria y el estado nutricional. En Chile, se desconoce cómo las personas perciben los ambientes alimentarios y son pocos los estudios que han adaptado instrumentos al contexto chileno, todos utilizando medidas objetivas. En este estudio se presenta la adaptación y validación para Chile de la Encuesta de Medición del Entorno Nutricional Percibido (NEMS-P-Ch). Estudio transversal, no probabilístico. Inicialmente, NEMS-P fue adaptado siguiendo 3 etapas: traducción y adaptación cultural, juicio de expertos (grupos focales) y entrevistas cognitivas con población similar a la audiencia objetivo. Luego, el cuestionario adaptado (NEMS-P-Ch) fue testeado en personas responsables de la compra de alimentos del hogar, Región Metropolitana, Chile, para finalmente validarlo estadísticamente. Tras su aplicación a 200 personas, se generó la última versión de NEMS-PCh, instrumento con 48 preguntas y 7 secciones que mide los ambientes alimentarios: doméstico, de abastecimiento, restauración y vía pública. NEMS-P-Ch mostró una confiabilidad aceptable en más de la mitad de las preguntas analizadas, con valores alfa de Cronbach entre 0,44 y 0,82. También se obtuvieron valores aceptables en la mayoría de las preguntas cuando se evaluó su consistencia al aplicarlo por segunda vez (n= 167). NEMS-P-Ch adaptado al contexto chileno mostró una validez y confiabilidad aceptables. Contar con instrumentos validados a la realidad nacional promoverá su uso, su adaptación en otros países de la región y la profundización del estudio de los ambientes alimentarios en diversos territorios y poblaciones.

Cultural competence in a primary healthcare center in Santiago de Chile: a mixed methods design / Competencia cultural en un centro de atención primaria en Santiago de Chile: un diseño de métodos mixtos

BACKGROUND: The immigrant population in Chile is growing significantly, challenging the health care system's capacity to provide sensitive and effective care. AIM: To assess the cultural competence of Chilean primary health workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This mixed-methods study used a quantitative scale and semi-structured interviews to examine the cultural competence of a Chilean primary health care team in their care for the international migrant population. The study pointed to specific variables that were associated with increased cultural competence, including age, intercultural life experiences, and having received relevant training. RESULTS: The two approaches produced largely convergent results. The dimensions of cultural competence with the highest scores on the quantitative scale were also the theoretical dimensions with the greatest discursive density in the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis provides a starting point for policies aimed at the development of cultural competence in the national scenario, suggesting a general direction to foster transcultural competence in health, such as formal training and the promotion of informal spaces ofsensibilization.

ANTECEDENTES: La población migrante en Chile ha crecido significativamente, desafiando la capacidad del sistema de salud de proporcionar atenciones sensibles y eficaces. OBJETIVO: Examinar la competencia cultural de un equipo de atención primaria de salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Este estudio de métodos mixtos utilizó una escala cuantitativa y entrevistas semiestructuradas, para examinar la competencia cultural de un equipo de atención primaria de salud en su atención a la población migrante internacional. Se evaluaron variables específicas que se asociaron con una mayor competencia cultural, entre ellas la edad, las experiencias vividas de interculturalidad y el haber recibido capacitación. RESULTADOS: Los dos enfoques produjeron resultados ampliamente convergentes. Las dimensiones de la competencia cultural con las puntuaciones más altas en la escala cuantitativa, fueron también las dimensiones teóricas con mayor densidad discursiva en el análisis cualitativo, lo que ayuda a dilucidar la evolución de este fenómeno en Chile. CONCLUSIONES: El análisis proporciona un punto de partida para las políticas dirigidas al desarrollo de la competencia cultural en el escenario nacional, sugiriendo una dirección general para fomentar la competencia transcultural en salud, como la capacitación formal y la promoción de espacios informales de sensibilización.

Cultural competence in a primary healthcare center in Santiago de Chile: a mixed methods design.

BACKGROUND: The immigrant population in Chile is growing significantly, challenging the health care system's capacity to provide sensitive and effective care. AIM: To assess the cultural competence of Chilean primary health workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This mixed-methods study used a quantitative scale and semi-structured interviews to examine the cultural competence of a Chilean primary health care team in their care for the international migrant population. The study pointed to specific variables that were associated with increased cultural competence, including age, intercultural life experiences, and having received relevant training. RESULTS: The two approaches produced largely convergent results. The dimensions of cultural competence with the highest scores on the quantitative scale were also the theoretical dimensions with the greatest discursive density in the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis provides a starting point for policies aimed at the development of cultural competence in the national scenario, suggesting a general direction to foster transcultural competence in health, such as formal training and the promotion of informal spaces ofsensibilization.

Participación social en la atención primaria en salud: tensiones y contradicciones / Social participation in primary health care: Tensions and contradictions

OBJETIVO: Explorar las perspectivas de tomadores de decisiones y miembros de la comunidad en atención primaria en salud (APS) en torno a la conceptualización de la participación social (PS). DISEÑO: Estudio transversal de carácter exploratorio con metodología cualitativas. Emplazamiento: Centros de Salud de la Región Metropolitana (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTES: Ocho informantes del nivel directivo (grupo 1), 13 del nivel de ejecución en APS (grupo 2) y 28 miembros de la comunidad y cuatro agentes comunitarios de salud (grupo 3). MÉTODO: Se realizaron entrevistas y grupos de discusión, que fueron grabados y transcritos. La organización y análisis se realizó con Atlas.ti 8.1. Las narrativas fueron sistematizadas mediante un análisis temático. Se codificó la totalidad de los documentos a través de reuniones periódicas para revisar los códigos existentes y para discutir la inclusión de nuevos códigos. RESULTADOS: El grupo 1 remite concepciones más teóricas acerca de la PS. El grupo 2 expresa dimensiones más concretas y operativas. El grupo 3 indica que la PS se encarna en experiencias particulares, vividas cercanamente por quienes las relatan. Los grupos 1 y 3 poseen más de una noción de la participación social en salud. CONCLUSIONES: Predomina transversalmente una concepción institucional de la participación, arraigada desde la década de 1990. En el nivel de la comunidad, las narrativas adquieren la forma de prácticas colectivas vividas en torno al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida comunitaria mediadas por el nivel de ejecución

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives of the decision makers and community members in primary health care (PHC) around the conceptualization of social participation (PS). DESIGN: An exploratory cross-sectional study with qualitative methodology. LOCATION: Health Centers of the Metropolitan Region (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Eight informants from the management level (group 1), 13 from execution level in PHC (group 2), 28 community members and four community agents of health (group 3). METHOD: Interviews and discussion groups were conducted, which were recorded and transcribed. The organization and analysis of the data was done with Atlas.ti 8.1. The narratives were systematized using a thematic analysis. All the documents were codified, and we hold periodic meetings to review the existing codes, as well as discussing the inclusion of new codes. RESULTS: Group 1 refers to a more theoretical conception of PS. Group 2 expresses more concrete and operative dimensions. Group 3 indicates that PS is embodied in particular personal experiences. Groups 1 and 3 have more than one notion of social participation in health. CONCLUSIONS: An institutional conception of participation prevails transversally, rooted since the 1990s. At the community level, the narratives take the form of collective practices lived around the improvement of the quality of community life mediated by the level of execution

[Social participation in primary health care: Tensions and contradictions]. / Participación social en la atención primaria en salud: tensiones y contradicciones.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives of the decision makers and community members in primary health care (PHC) around the conceptualization of social participation (PS). DESIGN: An exploratory cross-sectional study with qualitative methodology. LOCATION: Health Centers of the Metropolitan Region (RM), Santiago, Chile. PARTICIPANTS: Eight informants from the management level (group 1), 13 from execution level in PHC (group 2), 28 community members and four community agents of health (group 3). METHOD: Interviews and discussion groups were conducted, which were recorded and transcribed. The organization and analysis of the data was done with Atlas.ti 8.1. The narratives were systematized using a thematic analysis. All the documents were codified, and we hold periodic meetings to review the existing codes, as well as discussing the inclusion of new codes. RESULTS: Group 1 refers to a more theoretical conception of PS. Group 2 expresses more concrete and operative dimensions. Group 3 indicates that PS is embodied in particular personal experiences. Groups 1 and 3 have more than one notion of social participation in health. CONCLUSIONS: An institutional conception of participation prevails transversally, rooted since the 1990s. At the community level, the narratives take the form of collective practices lived around the improvement of the quality of community life mediated by the level of execution.

La familia como categoría difusa en la atención primaria del sistema de salud chileno / Family as an Unclear Category in Primary Care in Chilean Health System

Introducción: en salud, la constatación de que el individuo no es un ente exclusivamente biológico, se ha de incorporar en su análisis una dimensión psicosocial, la salud familiar releva la centralidad de la familia en la función reguladora de la salud. Sin embargo, se ha apuntado insistentemente en la dificultad de traducir estos planteamientos teóricos a la práctica clínica. Objetivo: analizar el "modelo de atención integral de salud familiar y comunitaria" chileno a partir de la distinción entre familiares y la familia como un todo. Métodos: revisión bibliográfica y análisis de contenido de documentos normativos producidos por el Ministerio de Salud chileno, referidos al "modelo de atención integral en salud", posteriores a la reforma de salud implementada en el año 2005. Conclusiones: el Modelo en uso en Chile se basa en la salud Familiar pero su accionar se centra fundamentalmente en los familiares más que en la familia misma. De los instrumentos analizados, la Visita Domiciliaria Integral es la que más se acerca al trabajo real con la familia como unidad de intervención(AU)

Introduction: In health terms, the realization that the individual is not a purely biological entity, has to be incorporated in a psychosocial dimension analysis. Family health relieves the centrality of family in the regulatory function of health. However, the difficulty of translating these theoretical approaches into clinical practice has been pointed out repeatedly. Objective: Study the Chilean model of the comprehensive primary health care for family and the community from distinguishing between members of a family and families as a whole. Methods: A literature review and content analysis was conducted on policy documents produced by the Chilean Ministry of Health, referred to the "model of comprehensive health care", after the health care reform implemented in 2005. Conclusions: the Chilean model is based on family health but its actions are mainly focus in the members of the family rather tan on the family itself. Out of the instruments used, Comprehensive Health Visiting is the closest to the actual work with the family as the unit of intervention(AU)