ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The microbiota is the set of millions of microorganisms that coexist in a symbiotic way in our body. It is mainly located in the digestive tract, being distributed in function of the chemical properties and the functions of the different organs. The factors that influence its composition are multiple (diet, individual habits, diseases or drugs). It also participates in several functions of the organism such as metabolism, immunity or even the function of the central nervous system. DEVELOPMENT: This last interrelationship is called: gut-brain axis. For years the relationship between the microbiota and the central nervous system has been known and how they influence one over the other. It is postulated that communication occurs through three systems: the vagus nerve, the systemic pathway (with the release of hormones, metabolites and neurotransmitters) and the immune system (by the action of cytokines). CONCLUSIONS: There are still many unknowns to be clarified in this field, but this microbiota-intestine-brain relationship is postulated as a possible pathogenic basis for neurological diseases of great health impact such as Alzheimer, Parkinson or multiple sclerosis. There are currently studies with probiotics with hopeful results in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
TITLE: El eje microbiota-intestino-cerebro y sus grandes proyecciones.Introduccion. Se denomina microbiota al conjunto de millones de microorganismos que conviven de manera simbiotica en nuestro organismo. Este conjunto bacteriano, que se localiza principalmente en el tracto digestivo, se distribuye a lo largo de los diferentes organos en funcion de las propiedades quimicas. Los factores que influyen en su composicion son multiples (dieta, habitos individuales, farmacos). La microbiota colabora en varias funciones, como pueden ser el metabolismo o la inmunidad. Desarrollo. En los ultimos años se ha puesto de relieve el papel bidireccional de la microbiota del tracto digestivo y del sistema nervioso central, es el denominado eje intestino-cerebro. En lo que a este eje se refiere, se cree que la 'comunicacion' se produce a traves de tres vias: el nervio vago, la via sistemica (mediante la liberacion de hormonas, metabolitos y neurotransmisores) y el sistema inmune (por la accion de las citocinas). Conclusiones. Aunque aun quedan muchas incognitas por esclarecer, este eje se postula como una posible base patogena para numerosos trastornos neurologicos de gran impacto sanitario, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la enfermedad de Parkinson o la esclerosis multiple. En el momento actual se estan llevando a cabo estudios que intentan evaluar el impacto de los probioticos sobre algunas de estas enfermedades neurologicas.
Subject(s)
Brain/physiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , Aging , Clinical Trials as Topic , Cytokines/physiology , Fatty Acids/physiology , Hormones/physiology , Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiology , Models, Biological , Nervous System Diseases/microbiology , Nervous System Diseases/therapy , Neurodegenerative Diseases/etiology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/microbiology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/physiopathology , Neurodegenerative Diseases/therapy , Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology , Prebiotics , Probiotics , Vagus Nerve/physiologyABSTRACT
Epilepsy is a neurological disease with high global prevalence. Despite the range of drug-based treatments currently available to control the condition, one in 3 patients experiences epileptic seizures. Therapeutic alternatives for these patients include the ketogenic diet, surgery or the cerebral implantation of neurostimulators; however these are benefits with limits. The target of this study is to find a new complementary treatment for these patients, studying the effectiveness of probiotics for controlling epileptic seizures in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. A prospective study was designed in which a group of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy was administered a probiotic mixture for 4 months. Patients were assessed before and after taking the probiotics; among other variables, number of seizures and patients' quality of life (QOLIE-10) were monitored. Levels of cD-14, interleukin 6, and γ-aminobutyric acid were also analysed throughout the study. 45 patients were included in the study. In an intention-to-treat analysis, 28.9% of all patients displayed a greater than 50% reduction in the number of seizures (the parameter required in clinical trials). A significant improvement was also observed in patients' quality of life. We found that probiotics may be an option for supplementary therapy. Since the use of probiotics is safe, they may contribute to improving seizure control, and therefore quality of life, in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The study has been registered in https://clinicaltrials.gov with number NCT03403907.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements/analysis , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Probiotics/administration & dosage , Adolescent , Adult , Drug Resistance , Epilepsy/metabolism , Epilepsy/psychology , Female , Humans , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Pilot Projects , Prospective Studies , Quality of Life , Treatment Outcome , Young Adult , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolismABSTRACT
A high caloric intake in today's nutrition and a sedentary lifestyle are the main causes of the notable increase in obesity in our society. In turn, this results in an increase in associated pathologies, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2. In the present work we review most recent studies and programs, which are significant due to their sample size and geographical diversity. It clearly shows that changes in alimentation and lifestyles are an effective instrument for combatting or delaying the onset of these diseases. In this sense, prevention is also key to avoiding serious consequences related to diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which can affect the life of the population.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Diet, Healthy , Life Style , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Clinical Trials as Topic , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy , Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/complications , Metabolic Syndrome/diagnosis , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El elevado aporte calórico de la alimentación actual y el sedentarismo, son los principales causantes del notable incremento de la obesidad en nuestra sociedad. A su vez, esto conlleva un aumento de las patologías asociadas a ella, como pueden ser el síndrome metabólico y la diabetes tipo 2. En el presente trabajo, han sido revisados los estudios y programas más recientes y significativos en cuanto a su tamaño muestral y a su diversidad geográfica, poniendo de manifiesto que los cambios en la alimentación y en los estilos de vida, son un instrumento efectivo para combatir o retrasar la aparición de estas enfermedades. En este sentido, la prevención también es clave para evitar las graves consecuencias, relacionadas con la diabetes y el síndrome metabólico, que pueden afectar a la calidad de vida de la población (AU)
A high caloric intake in todays nutrition and a sedentary lifestyle are the main causes of the notable increase in obesity in our society. In turn, this results in an increase in associated pathologies, such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes type 2. In the present work we review most recent studies and programs, which are significant due to their sample size and geographical diversity. It clearly shows that changes in alimentation and lifestyles are an effective instrument for combatting or delaying the onset of these diseases. In this sense, prevention is also key to avoiding serious consequences related to diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which can affect the life of the population (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolic Syndrome/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Evaluation of the Efficacy-Effectiveness of Interventions , Life Style , Feeding Behavior , Body Weights and Measures/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Lyme Neuroborreliosis/diagnosis , Lyme Neuroborreliosis/epidemiology , Lyme Neuroborreliosis/therapy , Paresis/diagnosis , Paresis/epidemiology , Paresis/therapy , Tick Bites/complications , Tick Bites/diagnosis , Tick Bites/therapy , Erythema/complications , Erythema/diagnosisABSTRACT
No disponible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification , Rhombencephalon/microbiology , Diagnosis, Differential , Central Nervous System Infections/diagnosisABSTRACT
A 3α-hydrosteroid biosensor for androsterone determination has been prepared by immobilizing the enzyme 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) in a composite electrode platform constituted of a mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), octylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (OPPF(6)) ionic liquid and NAD(+) cofactor. This configuration allowed the fast, sensitive and stable electrochemical detection of the NADH generated in the enzyme reaction. All the experimental variables involved in the preparation and performance of the enzyme biosensor were optimized. Amperometry in stirred solutions at +400 mV provided a linear calibration plot for androsterone in the 0.5-10 µM concentration range with a slope value more than 200-times higher than that previously reported. The detection limit achieved was 0.15 µM and a low value of the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K(app)(M)), 36.0 µM, similar to that reported for the enzyme in solution, was calculated. The 3α-HSD/MWCNTs/OPPF(6)/NAD(+) biosensor provided good results in the determination of androsterone in spiked human serum samples.
