Acute Left Main Coronary Embolization Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation.

Acute coronary occlusion just after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a rare but fatal complication, with an incidence of less than 1% but a 30-day mortality rate of up to 50%. The most likely mechanism of acute coronary occlusion following TAVI is the obstruction by the native aortic valve leaflet. However, acute coronary occlusion due to embolus has been rarely reported, and we herein report the case. An 80-year-old woman with severe aortic stenosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) underwent transfemoral TAVI with a 23-mm balloon-expandable valve. Just before leaving an operation room about 30 minutes after the TAVI procedure, she went into cardiopulmonary arrest. Emergent coronary angiography showed the occlusion of the middle to the distal left main coronary artery with a large embolus. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was immediately performed, and a drug-eluting stent was eventually placed to improve good coronary flow. She was finally discharged on foot without any other complications and was doing well one year after TAVI with normal left ventricular systolic function and no in-stent restenosis. Considering the transthoracic echocardiography before TAVI and the intravascular ultrasound findings during PCI, it was most likely thought to be caused by the embolus of the degenerated aortic valve tissue. In conclusion, although acute coronary occlusion by embolization following the TAVI procedure is exceedingly rare, we could successfully rescue the patient with immediate PCI.

Risk stratification and prognosis prediction using cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: There is a need for a robust tool to stratify the patient's risk with COVID-19. We assessed the prognostic values of cardiac biomarkers for COVID-19 patients. METHODS: This is a single-centre retrospective cohort study. Consecutive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital from July 2020 to September 2021 were included. We obtained cardiac biomarker values from electronic health records and institutional blood banks. We stratified patients with cardiac biomarkers as high-sensitive troponin I (hsTnI), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase (CK) and CK myocardial band (CK-MB), using the clinically relevant thresholds. Prespecified primary outcome measure was all-cause death. RESULTS: A total of 917 patients were included. hsTnI, NT-proBNP, CK and CK-MB were associated with the significantly higher cumulative 30-day incidence of all-cause death (hsTnI: <5.0 ng/L group; 4.3%, 5.0 ng/L-99%ile upper reference limit (URL) group; 8.8% and ≥99% ile URL group; 25.2%, p<0.001. NT-proBNP: <125 pg/mL group; 5.3%, 125-900 pg/mL group; 10.5% and ≥900 pg/mL group; 31.9%, p<0.001. CK:

Association of HFA-PEFF score with clinical outcomes after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: The Heart Failure Association Pretest assessment, echocardiography and natriuretic peptide, functional testing and final aetiology (HFA-PEFF) score has been developed for diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which is frequently associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to investigate whether preprocedural HFA-PEFF score could be used to predict clinical outcomes in patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation (CA). METHODS: Overall, 1679 patients with AF who underwent primary CA (71±10 years, 1218 males (72.5%), median follow-up duration 3.3 years) from July 2011 to December 2019 were included in this retrospective study. HFpEF was defined as an HFA-PEFF score ≥5. The primary study outcome was 5-year major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which is a composite of all-cause death, hospitalisation for heart failure (HF) and hospitalisation for stroke. RESULTS: The prevalence of HFpEF was 32.3%, but only 7.7% were diagnosed with HF at the time of CHADS2 scoring. Five-year MACCE occurred in 77 patients (4.6%). The cumulative 5-year incidence of MACCE was significantly higher in the HFpEF group than in the non-HFpEF group (11.2% vs 4.8% at 5 years, p<0.001). In the multivariable analysis, HFpEF by the HFA-PEFF score was associated with MACCE (adjusted HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.65, p=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Early detection of HFpEF using the HFA-PEFF score may have clinical applications in guiding therapeutic decision-making and improving prognosis by preventing HF and stroke in patients with AF undergoing CA.

Statin Discontinuation After Coronary Revascularization.

There is a scarcity of studies evaluating statin discontinuation in patients with coronary artery disease in real-world practice. In 11,144 patients who underwent first coronary revascularization and taking statins in the CREDO-Kyoto Registry Cohort-3, we evaluated the incidence of statin discontinuation, defined as stopping statins for at least 2 months. The reasons for statin discontinuation included nonadherence, side effects, worsening co-morbidities, surgery, prescription error, and direction by physicians for other reasons. During a median 6 years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of statin discontinuation was 6.1% at 1 year, 12.4% at 3 years, 17.4% at 5 years, and 21.4% at 7 years. The major components of the reasons for statin discontinuation were nonadherence, side effects, and worsening co-morbidities. Compared with patients with statin discontinuation because of other reasons, patients with statin discontinuation because of nonadherence more often had younger age, men, acute coronary syndrome, and current smoking; patients with statin discontinuation because of side effects more often had liver cirrhosis; and patients with statin discontinuation because of worsening co-morbidities more often had advanced age and co-morbidities such as malignancy. Statin discontinuation was strongly associated with subsequent mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 3.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.18 to 3.94, p <0.001), which was consistent, regardless of the reasons, except for the small group of patients with prescription error (nonadherence: HR 2.35, 95% CI 1.69 to 3.27, p <0.001; side effects: HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.84 to 3.34, p <0.001; worsening co-morbidities: HR 22.08, 95% CI 18.55 to 26.29, p <0.001). In conclusion, in real-world practice, approximately 1 in 5 patients discontinued statins after coronary revascularization during a median of 6 years of follow-up. Statin discontinuation was associated with subsequent mortality.

The Impact of Mitral Regurgitation on Long-Term Outcomes in Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

It is important to clarify the precise impact of mitral regurgitation (MR) on long-term outcomes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In the Coronary Revascularization Demonstrating Outcome study in Kyoto Acute Myocardial Infarction (CREDO-Kyoto AMI) Registry Wave-2, the study population consisted of 5,266 patients with AMI who underwent PCI. The clinical outcomes of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and hospitalization for heart failure (HF) were compared according to the severity of MR. Mild and moderate/severe MR were identified in 2,112 (40%) and 531 patients (10%), respectively. Patients with greater severity of MR were more likely to be old, had more co-morbidities, and more often presented with large myocardial infarction with HF. During median follow-up duration of 5.6 (interquartile range: 4.2 to 6.6) years, as the MR severity increased from no, mild, to moderate/severe MR, the cumulative 5-year incidences of all-cause death, cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF incrementally increased ([15.3%, 19.6%, 33.3%], [8.9%, 11.7%, 21.0%] and [5.9%, 12.4%, 23.9%], respectively, P for all<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, however, mild and moderate/severe MR were not independently associated with the higher risks for all-cause death (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]:1.05 [0.92 to 1.19], p = 0.51, and 1.10 [0.92 to 1.32], p = 0.28) and cardiovascular death (1.01 [0.85 to 1.21], p = 0.89, and 0.93 [0.73 to 1.18], p = 0.54) as compared with no MR. Both mild and moderate/severe MR were independently associated with the higher risks for hospitalization for HF (1.73 [1.42 to 2.11], p <0.001, and 2.23 [1.73 to 2.87], p <0.001). In a large population of patients with AMI who underwent PCI, MR was not independently associated with higher long-term mortality risk but was independently associated with higher risk for hospitalization for HF.

Life Expectancy of Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis in Relation to Age and Surgical Risk Score.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of data regarding shorter life expectancy after aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS: Among 3815 patients with severe AS enrolled in the CURRENT AS (Contemporary outcomes after sURgery and medical tREatmeNT in patients with severe Aortic Stenosis) registry, there were 1469 patients (initial AVR: n = 647; conservative strategy: n = 822) with low surgical risk, 1642 patients (initial AVR: n = 433; conservative strategy: n = 1209) with intermediate surgical risk, and 704 patients (initial AVR: n = 117; conservative strategy: n = 587) with high surgical risk. Among 1163 patients who actually underwent surgical AVR as the initial strategy, patients were divided into 4 groups according to age <65 years (n = 185), 65 to 74 (n = 394), 75 to 80 (n = 345), and >80 (n = 239). The expected survival of the general Japanese population was obtained from the Statistics Bureau of Japan. The surgical risk was estimated using The Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) score. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 3.7 years. The cumulative incidences of all-cause death were significantly lower in the initial AVR strategy than in the initial conservative strategy across the 3 STS groups. Shorter life expectancy after surgical AVR was seen especially in younger patients. The observed mortality in low-risk patients was comparable to the expected mortality across all the age-groups, while intermediate-risk patients aged <75 years, and high-risk patients across all age-groups had higher mortality compared with the expected mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The risk stratification according to age and STS score might be useful to estimate shorter life expectancy after AVR, and these findings have implications for decision making in the choice of surgical or transcatheter AVR.

Importance of the relative epicardial connection locations and right-sided pulmonary vein isolation line for successful pulmonary vein isolation.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of an epicardial connection (EC) decreases the success rate of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI); however, the effect of designing isolation lines has not been evaluated. We sought to clarify the effects of designing an anterior line for right-sided PVI considering the presence and location of the EC. METHODS: Seventy-four consecutive patients who underwent initial catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation were retrospectively included in this study. The presence of the EC was determined by the left atrial (LA) activation map during right atrial pacing, and patients were divided into EC-positive (n = 23, 31%) and EC-negative (n = 51, 69%) groups. EC-positive patients were further subdivided based on the EC location: on-the-line group, (EC on the PVI line, n = 11); inside-line group (EC on the pulmonary vein [PV] side, n = 10); and outside-line group (EC on the LA side, n = 2). The PVI parameters were compared among the three groups. RESULTS: The success rates of the first-pass isolation were comparable between the EC-negative and EC-positive groups (70.6% vs. 60.9%, ns), but the success rate was significantly higher in the on-the-line group than in the inside-line group (91% vs. 20%, p = 0.002). First-pass isolation was successful in both patients in the outside-line group. Additional carina ablation was required only in the inside-line group. CONCLUSIONS: The association between the EC site and the right-sided PV anterior isolation line affected the success rate of first-pass isolation. For successful right-sided PVI, it is important to consider the EC site when designing the PVI line.

Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation.

Background The natural history and optimal interventional timing in patients with isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR) have not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate long-term clinical outcomes and risk factors associated with poor prognosis in patients with isolated severe TR. Methods and Results Consecutive transthoracic echocardiographic examinations in 2877 patients with isolated severe TR were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with significant left-sided valve disease or repeated examinations were excluded. Primary outcome was defined as a composite of all-cause death and hospitalization for heart failure. Among the 613 enrolled patients (mean age, 74±13 years; men, 38%), 141 died, and 62 were hospitalized for heart failure during the median follow-up period of 26.5 (interquartile range, 6.0-57.9) months. The 5-year event-free rate was 60.1%. TR pressure gradient (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01-1.04]), blood urea nitrogen (adjusted HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01-1.04]), left atrial volume index (adjusted HR, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.002-1.02]), and serum albumin (adjusted HR, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.36-0.95]) were identified as independent predictors of adverse events. A risk model based on the 4 clinical factors that included pulmonary hypertension (TR pressure gradient >40 mm Hg), elevated blood urea nitrogen levels (>25 mg/dL), decreased albumin levels (<3.7 g/dL), and left atrial enlargement (left atrial volume index <34 mL/m2) revealed a graded increase in the risk of adverse events (P<0.001). Conclusions The prognosis of isolated severe TR is not always favorable. Careful attention should be paid to patients with concomitant risk factors, such as pulmonary hypertension, elevated blood urea nitrogen levels, decreased albumin levels, and left atrial enlargement.

Sex Differences in Clinical Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of studies comparing the clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for women and men stratified by the presentation of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or stable coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods and Results: The study population included 26,316 patients who underwent PCI (ACS: n=11,119, stable CAD: n=15,197) from the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry Cohort-2 and Cohort-3. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Among patients with ACS, women as compared with men were much older. Among patients with stable CAD, women were also older than men, but with smaller difference. The cumulative 5-year incidence of all-cause death was significantly higher in women than in men in the ACS group (26.2% and 17.9%, log rank P<0.001). In contrast, it was significantly lower in women than in men in the stable CAD group (14.2% and 15.8%, log rank P=0.005). After adjusting confounders, women as compared with men were associated with significantly lower long-term mortality risk with stable CAD but not with ACS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69-0.82, P<0.001, and HR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-1.01, P=0.07, respectively). There was a significant interaction between the clinical presentation and the mortality risk of women relative to men (interaction P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with men, women had significantly lower adjusted mortality risk after PCI among patients with stable CAD, but not among those with ACS.

Modifiers of the Risk of Diabetes for Long-Term Outcomes After Coronary Revascularization: CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG Registry.

Background: Diabetes is a well-known risk factor for adverse outcomes after coronary revascularization. Objectives: This study sought to determine high-risk subgroups in whom the excess risks of diabetes relative to nondiabetes are particularly prominent and thus may benefit from more aggressive interventions. Methods: The study population consisted of 39,427 patients (diabetes: n = 15,561; nondiabetes: n = 23,866) who underwent first percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 33,144) or coronary artery bypass graft (n = 6,283) in the pooled CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG (Coronary Revascularization Demonstrating Outcome Study in Kyoto Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/Coronary Artery Bypass Graft) registry. The primary outcome measure was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral endpoints (MACCE), which was defined as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Results: With median follow-up of 5.6 years, diabetes was associated with significantly higher adjusted risks for MACCE. The excess adjusted risks of diabetes relative to nondiabetes for MACCE increased with younger age (≤64 years: adjusted HR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.19-1.41; P < 0.001; 64-73 years: adjusted HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.16-1.33; P < 0.001; >73 years: adjusted HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10-1.23; P < 0.001; P interaction < 0.001), mainly driven by greater excess adjusted mortality risk of diabetes relative to nondiabetes in younger tertile. No significant interaction was observed between adjusted risk of diabetes relative to nondiabetes for MACCE and other subgroups such as sex, mode of revascularization, and clinical presentation of acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions: The excess risk of diabetes relative to nondiabetes for MACCE was profound in the younger population. This observation suggests more aggressive interventions for secondary prevention in patients with diabetes might be particularly relevant in younger patients.

Diagnostic Accuracy of the 2016 Guideline-Based Echocardiographic Algorithm to Estimate Invasively-Measured Left Atrial Pressure by Direct Atrial Cannulation.

BACKGROUND: Although estimation of left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) using an integrated echocardiographic algorithm is recommended, the usefulness of this algorithm has not been fully validated. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of an algorithmic classification system using invasively measured left atrial pressure (LAP) in a large-scale cohort. METHODS: The authors enrolled 1,967 patients (age 68 ± 10 years) whose LAP was directly measured within the left atrium during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Patients were classified into 3 groups based on the echocardiographic algorithm: normal (group N, n = 1,282), undetermined (group U, n = 160), and elevated (group E, n = 346) LAP groups. Invasively measured LAP and echocardiographic parameters estimating LVFP were compared among the groups. RESULTS: The median LAP was 12.6 ± 5.7 mm Hg in the entire cohort. LAP was significantly higher in group E than that in the other groups (groups E vs U vs N, 14.2 ± 6.3 mm Hg vs 13.5 ± 5.9 mm Hg vs 12.0 ± 5.5 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Among group E patients, 43.1% had elevated LAP (≥15 mm Hg), whereas 56.9% had normal LAP (<15 mm Hg). Of the patients in group N, 69.0% had normal LAP, whereas 31% had elevated LAP. Although the correlation between invasively measured LAP and E/e', peak tricuspid regurgitant velocity, and left atrial volume index was modest, the number of abnormal values correlated significantly with elevated LAP (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The classification using combined echocardiographic parameters in the recommendations may be useful for detecting patients with normal LVFP but may be limited for detecting elevated LVFP.

Percutaneous coronary intervention using new-generation drug-eluting stents versus coronary arterial bypass grafting in stable patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease: From the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry Cohort-3.

AIMS: There is a scarcity of studies comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS: The CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG registry Cohort-3 enrolled 14927 consecutive patients who underwent first coronary revascularization with PCI or isolated CABG between January 2011 and December 2013. The current study population consisted of 2464 patients who underwent multi-vessel coronary revascularization including revascularization of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) either with PCI using new-generation DES (N = 1565), or with CABG (N = 899). Patients in the PCI group were older and more often had severe frailty, but had less complex coronary anatomy, and less complete revascularization than those in the CABG group. Cumulative 5-year incidence of a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction or stroke was not significantly different between the 2 groups (25.0% versus 21.5%, P = 0.15). However, after adjusting confounders, the excess risk of PCI relative to CABG turned to be significant for the composite endpoint (HR 1.27, 95%CI 1.04-1.55, P = 0.02). PCI as compared with CABG was associated with comparable adjusted risk for all-cause death (HR 1.22, 95%CI 0.96-1.55, P = 0.11), and stroke (HR 1.17, 95%CI 0.79-1.73, P = 0.44), but with excess adjusted risk for myocardial infarction (HR 1.58, 95%CI 1.05-2.39, P = 0.03), and any coronary revascularization (HR 2.66, 95%CI 2.06-3.43, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this observational study, PCI with new-generation DES as compared with CABG was associated with excess long-term risk for major cardiovascular events in patients who underwent multi-vessel coronary revascularization including LAD.

Effectiveness of a manual dragging laser irradiation technique using the first-generation endoscopic laser balloon ablation system for pulmonary vein isolation.

Background: Although high efficacy of laser balloon (LB) ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) has been shown, the conventional point-by-point technique requires a long procedure time. We investigated the clinical effectiveness of the manual dragging laser technique. Methods: We enrolled 51 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) using first-generation LB (LB1) at our institution. The first 25 patients underwent PVI using a point-by-point laser irradiation maneuver (point-by-point group). The latter 26 patients underwent PVI using a manually dragging laser irradiation maneuver (dragging group). The power and delivery time for the laser energy were selected from a preset protocol with 5.5-12 W and 20-30 s for each application. The dragging irradiation method was performed by manually rotating approximately 1.5°/s during one irradiation application. Results: PVI was successful in all cases. The duration of PVI was shorter (66 ± 20 vs. 116 ± 39 min, p < 0.0001), and the number of laser irradiations for the 4PVs were significantly less in the dragging group. There were four recurrent cases (16%) in the point-by-point group and 1 (4%) in the dragging group. There was no significant difference in the survival rate free from recurrence after the blanking period between the two groups (log-rank p = 0.1570). The complications were similar between the groups (4% vs. 4%, ns). Conclusions: The manual dragging laser irradiation technique using LB1 could shorten the PVI procedure time while preserving clinical effectiveness.

Comparison of Cryoballoon and Contact Force-Sensing Radiofrequency Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND: Outcomes of cryoballoon ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) are unclear, especially in Japanese patients, so the effectiveness and safety of cryoballoon ablation in clinical practice were retrospectively compared with those of contact force-sensing radiofrequency (CFRF) ablation including the high-power protocol.Methods and Results:Consecutive patients with persistent AF were reviewed, and 253 and 265 patients who underwent cryoballoon and CFRF ablation, respectively, were enrolled. The primary endpoint was atrial arrhythmia recurrence. The secondary endpoints were periprocedural complications and repeat ablation. The rate of additional left atrial (LA) ablation after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) was similar between groups (68.8% cryoballoon vs. 74.0% CFRF, P=0.19). Freedom from atrial arrhythmia recurrence was comparable between groups over a follow-up of 25.5±12.5 months (72.3% cryoballoon vs. 69.8% CFRF; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59-1.21, P=0.36). Outcomes were similar in the subgroups of PVI alone and PVI plus additional LA ablation. LA posterior wall isolation, absence of defragmentation, and low creatine clearance, but not catheter selection, were associated with the primary endpoint. Periprocedural complications (adjusted HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.34-1.54, P=0.41) and repeat ablation (adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.71-1.74, P=0.64) were similar for both procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Cryoballoon ablation for persistent AF in Japanese clinical practice had acceptable outcomes comparable to those of advanced CFRF ablation.

Bleeding Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Past Two Decades in Japan　- From the CREDO-Kyoto Registry Cohort-2 and Cohort-3.

BACKGROUND: Optimal intensity is unclear for P2Y12receptor blocker therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in real-world clinical practice.Methods and Results: From the CREDO-Kyoto Registry, the current study population consisted of 25,419 patients (Cohort-2: n=12,161 and Cohort-3: n=13,258) who underwent their first PCI. P2Y12receptor blocker therapies were reduced dose of ticlopidine (200 mg/day), and global dose of clopidogrel (75 mg/day) in 87.7% and 94.8% of patients in Cohort-2 and Cohort-3, respectively. Cumulative 3-year incidence of GUSTO moderate/severe bleeding was significantly higher in Cohort-3 than in Cohort-2 (12.1% and 9.0%, P<0.0001). After adjusting 17 demographic factors and 9 management factors potentially related to the bleeding events other than the type of P2Y12receptor blocker, the higher bleeding risk in Cohort-3 relative to Cohort-2 remained significant (hazard ratio (HR): 1.52 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-1.68, P<0.0001). Cohort-3 compared with Cohort-2 was not associated with lower adjusted risk for myocardial infarction/ischemic stroke (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.87-1.06, P=0.44). CONCLUSIONS: In this historical comparative study, Cohort-3 compared with Cohort-2 was associated with excess bleeding risk, which might be at least partly explained by the difference in P2Y12receptor blockers.

Differences in mortality and causes of death between STEMI and NSTEMI in the early and late phases after acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The detailed causes of death in non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) have not been adequately evaluated compared to those in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS: The study population was 6,228 AMI patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (STEMI: 4,625 patients and NSTEMI: 1,603 patients). The primary outcome was all-cause death. RESULTS: Within 6 months after AMI, the adjusted mortality risk was not significantly different between NSTEMI patients and STEMI patients (HR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.67-1.03, P = 0.09). Regarding the causes of death within 6 months after AMI, mechanical complications more frequently occurred in STEMI patients than in NSTEMI patients, while proportions of post resuscitation status on arrival and heart failure were higher in in NSTEMI patients than in STEMI patients. Beyond 6 months after AMI, the adjusted mortality risk of NSTEMI relative to STEMI was not significantly different. (HR: 1.04, 95%CI: 0.90-1.20, P = 0.59). Regarding causes of death beyond 6 months after AMI, almost half of deaths were cardiovascular causes in both groups, and breakdown of causes of death was similar between NSTEMI and STEMI. CONCLUSION: The mortality risk within and beyond 6 months after AMI were not significantly different between STEMI patients and NSTEMI patients after adjusting confounders. Deaths due to post resuscitation status and heart failure were more frequent in NSTEMI within 6 months after AMI.

Early experiences with three types of balloon-based ablation catheters in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Although balloon-based ablation catheters are expected to improve the feasibility and quality of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), they must be introduced to physicians in the proper setting to ensure their correct usage. OBJECTIVE: To identify the optimal clinical settings for learning the techniques for 3 balloon-based ablation catheters (Cryoballoon, Hotballoon, and Laserballoon). METHODS: We introduced 3 balloon catheters in 50 consecutive patients with paroxysmal AF each during the introduction periods. Clinical parameters were compared among the groups and between these groups and their steady-state controls. RESULTS: The completion rate of PVI by sole balloon procedures was 56% with the Hotballoon catheter, which was lower than those of the Cryoballoon and Laserballoon catheters (each 88%). Radiofrequency touch-up was most frequently required at the bottom aspect of the inferior pulmonary veins (PVs) in the Cryoballoon group and at the anterior aspect of the superior PVs in the Hotballoon and Laserballoon groups. The Laserballoon catheter had the longest average PVI procedural time (89.2 ± 40 vs 58.4 ± 22 minutes for Hotballoon, 65.1 ± 25 minutes for Cryoballoon, P < .001), but the difference was ultimately removed by the learning curve. There was no significant difference in the major complication or recurrence-free survival rates among the catheter types. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 balloon-based catheter types allowed feasibility and quality for PVI, even during the learning period. To introduce these new catheters without complications, an experiences of 20 cases with specific clinical settings should be met for each catheter type.

Focal Intimal Disruption Size at Multidetector CT and Disease Progression in Type B Aortic Intramural Hematoma.

Background Recent imaging techniques show that patients with aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) have various sizes of focal intimal disruptions (FIDs) that may affect clinical outcomes. Purpose To evaluate the relationship between size of FIDs detected at multidetector CT and disease progression in patients with type B IMH. Materials and Methods This retrospective study analyzed consecutive patients with type B IMH who underwent multidetector CT at admission within 24 hours after symptom onset from January 2011 to March 2017. FID was defined as a focal contrast material-filled pouch projecting outside of the aorta lumen with a communicating orifice greater than 3 mm. Large FID was defined as an FID of at least 10 mm in length and width and at least 5 mm in depth. Aorta-related events were defined as a composite of aortic rupture, surgical or endovascular aortic repair, progressive aortic enlargement, and development of aortic dissection. Results Seventy-six patients (mean age, 72 years ± 11 [standard deviation]; 54 men) were evaluated. Fifty patients (66%; 50 of 76) had 91 FIDs. Twenty-eight patients had large FIDs and 22 patients had small FIDs. Aorta-related events occurred in 15 of 28 patients with large FIDs, two of 22 patients with small FIDs, and four of 26 patients with no FID. Patients with large FIDs showed lower aorta-related event-free survival rates than did patients with small FIDs or no FID (small FIDS, 63% ± 10 vs 90% ± 7 at 3 years, respectively [P = .001]; and no FIDS, 63% ± 10 vs 84% ± 7 at 3 years, respectively [P = .005]). Multivariable analysis showed that a maximum aortic diameter of at least 40 mm (hazard ratio, 4.8; 95% CI: 1.8, 12.6; P = .001) and large FID (hazard ratio, 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 8.9; P = .03) were the independent predictors of aorta-related events. Conclusion A large portion of patients with B-intramural hematoma (IMH) had focal intimal disruption (FID) detected at CT at admission. Large FIDs were associated with disease progression of IMH. © RSNA, 2021 See also the editorial by Raptis and Braverman in this issue. Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Coronary Revascularization in the Past Two Decades in Japan (From the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG Registries Cohort-1, -2, and -3).

The treatment of coronary artery disease has substantially changed over the past two decades. However, it is unknown whether and how much these changes have contributed to the improvement of long-term outcomes after coronary revascularization. We assessed trends in the demographics, practice patterns and long-term outcomes in 24,951 patients who underwent their first percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (n = 20,106), or isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n = 4,845) using the data in a series of the CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG Registries (Cohort-1 [2000 to 2002]: n = 7,435, Cohort-2 [2005 to 2007]: n = 8,435, and Cohort-3 [2011 to 2013]: n = 9,081). From Cohort-1 to Cohort-3, the patients got progressively older across subsequent cohorts (67.0 ± 10.0, 68.4 ± 9.9, and 69.8 ± 10.2 years, ptrend < 0.001). There was increased use of PCI over CABG (73.5%, 81.9%, and 85.2%, ptrend < 0.001) and increased prevalence of evidence-based medications use over time. The cumulative 3-year incidence of all-cause death was similar across the 3 cohorts (9.0%, 9.0%, and 9.3%, p = 0.74), while cardiovascular death decreased over time (5.7%, 5.1%, and 4.8%, p = 0.03). The adjusted risk for all-cause death and for cardiovascular death progressively decreased from Cohort-1 to Cohort-2 (HR:0.89, 95%CI:0.80 to 0.99, p = 0.03, and HR:0.80, 95%CI:0.70 to 0.92, p = 0.002, respectively), and from Cohort-2 to Cohort-3 (HR:0.86, 95%CI:0.78 to 0.95, p = 0.004, and HR:0.77, 95%CI:0.67-0.89, p < 0.001, respectively). The risks for stroke and repeated coronary revascularization also improved over time. In conclusions, we found a progressive and substantial reduction of adjusted risk for all-cause death, cardiovascular death, stroke, and repeated coronary revascularization over the past two decades in Japan.