ABSTRACT
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 50-year-old man with HIV infection (first diagnosed > 20 years ago) presented at our hospital with fulminant oral mucositis. Antiretroviral therapy (tenofovir, emtricitabine, raltegravir) had been started 2 months ago. Previously he had no opportunistic infections and no other pre-existing illnesses. He had not travelled outside Europe but stayed in Spain for several weeks during summer. INVESTIGATIONS: Physical examination revealed swelling of the lips and severe ulcerative mucositis of the gums and pharynx. The patient complained of painful swallowing. The blood-chemistry showed no abnormalities. The microscopical analysis of a smear and a biopsy of the buccal mucosa revealed amastigotes of leishmania. By means of PCR technique, Leishmania donovani complex was specified. TREATMENT AND COURSE: The patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B (1 mg/kg) for 21 days. Because of the immunosuppression he was put on maintenance therapy afterwards (liposomal amphotericin B every 3 weeks). However, 4 months later there was a clinical relapse of the mucositis and a new cultural and PCR detection of leishmania in a buccal biopsy. After another course of 21 days with liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg) and miltefosine (150 mg/d), the mucositis subsided. Therapy with liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg single dose every 3 weeks) has since been maintained. The antiretroviral therapy was changed meanwhile to lamivudin, abacavir and raltegravir because of kidney failure with elevated urea and creatinine. The patient has been clinically stable ever since without any other HIV-related problems. The latest CD4 count was 456/µl and the HIV load 340 copies/ml. CONCLUSION: Leishmaniasis is a severe infection in HIV-positive patients. Clinical manifestations can be atypical in immunosuppressed patients and the treatment is complicated with HIV coinfection. This is also due to a lifelong persistence of the parasite with potential reactivation especially in patients with suppressed CD4 cells. Therefore maintenance therapy after standard therapy of leishmaniasis is mandatory at least for a CD4 count below 350/µl. Especially in HIV patients with a leishmaniasis relapse lifelong maintenance therapy should be considered.
Subject(s)
Amphotericin B/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/complications , Leishmaniasis/drug therapy , Leishmaniasis/etiology , Stomatitis/drug therapy , Stomatitis/etiology , Anti-Retroviral Agents/administration & dosage , Antiprotozoal Agents/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: A 68-year-old woman suffered for six weeks from four skin eruptions on her head after returning from Brazil. The skin manifestations resembled furuncles, grew continually in size until they were about 2 cm in diameter and [corrected] she finally developed intermittent sharp pain on her head. On presentation she had a mild lymphadenopathy on her neck but no other systemic complaints. INVESTIGATIONS: Each skin eruption had a central porus with seropurulent discharge and on examination within the central opening a whitish, tender moving mass could be detected. TREATMENT, COURSE AND DIAGNOSIS: We cautiously infiltrated each skin eruption with lidocaine. Immediately after infiltration a whitish maggot appeared from each nodule and could be easily extracted with a forceps. The maggots were identified as Dermatobia hominis larvae. After extraction a local antiseptic dressing was applied and the wounds healed without complications. CONCLUSION: Dermatobia hominis is a common cause of myiasis in Central- and South-America and should be taken into account in furuncular skin eruptions of returning travelers. The typical appearance of the skin eruption with a central porus, seropurulent discharge and a whitish, tender moving mass within the nodule is quite characteristic for myiasis. The patients often have [corrected] intermittent sharp pain in the area of the affected skin and report continuing growth of the nodules and a sensation of slight movement within the skin eruption. Extraction is accomplished with a forceps after lidocaine infiltration, alternatively an occlusive dressing could be applied by means of which the larvae can be removed easily from the cavity.
