ABSTRACT
Eight patients with post-traumatic chronic cervical syndrome and degenerative changes of the upper cervical spine, were treated with suboccipital fusion. After a mean follow up of 60 months (58-64), the patients were examined. Three patients had died during the follow-up period. A solid fusion was achieved in all cases. Significant reduction of pain and increased quality of life were established.
Subject(s)
Atlanto-Axial Joint/injuries , Osteoarthritis/physiopathology , Spinal Fusion/methods , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Atlanto-Axial Joint/surgery , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Osteoarthritis/diagnostic imaging , Osteoarthritis/surgery , Spinal Fusion/instrumentation , Tomography, X-Ray , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
Eight patients with post-traumatic chronic cervical syndrome and degenerative changes of the upper cervical spine, were treated with suboccipital fusion. After a mean follow up of 60 months (58-64), the patients were examined. Three patients had died during the follow-up period. A solid fusion was achieved in all cases. Significant reduction of pain and increased quality of life were established.
ABSTRACT
The observation that approximately half of the B cells in the murine intestinal lamina propria are derived from peritoneal CD5 B-cell precursors raises the question of their contribution to mucosal protection. Using mice with X-linked immunodeficiency which are deficient in CD5+ B cells, we showed that they mount little serum and virtually no intestinal immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA antibody responses following oral inoculation with live Salmonella typhimurium. Nonresponsive Xid mice were reconstituted with responsive CBA/Ca donor cell preparations which were constitutively enriched or depleted of CD5 B-cell precursors. Reconstitution of irradiated Xid mice with CD5 B-cell-deficient bone marrow from CBA/Ca donors marginally improved IgM responses in the intestinal mucosa but had no effect on IgG or IgA in response to oral immunization with live S. typhimurium. Whenever Xid mice were reconstituted with donor cells from the peritoneal cavity, which are enriched for CD5 B-cell precursors, strong IgA and in some cases IgG responses in the intestinal mucosa were stimulated in response to oral immunization. When mucosal and serum antibody responses were compared, the peritoneal donor cells again reinstated maximal serum antibody responses to S. typhimurium. Serum and mucosal responses to the bacterial hapten phosphorylcholine could be induced in Xid mice after immunization with S. typhimurium or hapten-carrier conjugates but only following reconstitution with donor cells containing CD5 B-cell precursors. These observations suggest that different lymphoid compartments are enriched for regulatory or effector cells which vary in their contributions to the mucosal antibody response against epitopes on S. typhimurium.
