ABSTRACT
Measurements of morphological and biochemical parameters in subcutaneous adipose tissue as well as investigations of energy metabolism and fat deposition of 89 male castrated pigs were performed. Breeding lines of swine (German Landrace) had been selected through 8 generations for high ("E(+)-Line") and low ("E(-)-Line") levels of NADPH-generating dehydrogenases. A control group ("K.") without selection was closely paralleled. For 21 days the animals were kept under feeding experiments within 2 sectors of growing period (67 kg, 85 kg body mass), and biopsies of backfat were examined subsequently. The inner layer of subcutaneous adipose tissue showed constantly bigger fat cells than the outer layer. The fat cell size increased generally with fattening and body mass respectively. The cellularity of adipose tissue was dependent significantly on the percentage of the very small fat cells measured up to 30 microns diameter (= "PKF30"). The breeding lines differed slightly with respect to their cellularity: The inner layer showed the gradation E+ greater than K. greater than E- concerning fat cell volumes and fat cell surfaces respectively. The PKF30 correlated significantly with food energy level as well as with the respirationally examined protein retention, particularly in inner layers of younger animals. Relations to the fat deposition (examined respirationally or with the D2O-Method and after slaughter respectively) were recognized, not showing validity for all cases. The parameters of lipogenic activity tested by tissue slice preparations and homogenates respectively correlated negatively with average fat cell size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue/cytology , Breeding , Eating , Energy Metabolism , Swine/metabolism , Animals , Body Weight , Male , Orchiectomy/veterinary , Swine/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Groups of each 10 boars, weight range 20-60 kg, were fed ad libitum the following 4 rations of similar protein: energy ratio: Ration I (control), Ration II (+ 2% soyaoil ), Ration III (+ 2% soyaoil + 5% lard), Ration IV (+ 7% lard). When the animals reached 60 kg body weight each group was halved. One half had free access to the above rations, while the other half were fed ad libitum on the control ration. At body weights of 50 and 100 kg the concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose and cholesterol were measured, in addition the fatty acid composition of the backfat. At the end of the experiment (100 kg) the content of fat in the carcass was calculated by determining the specific gravidity of the carcass. There was little difference in the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) of the different groups of animals at both body weight ranges as a result of the reduction in feed intake of the fat supplemented diets on account of the higher ME-content. There were little differences in the glucose and urea concentrations in the blood of the animals fed the different rations. The highest cholesterol and the lowest insulin levels were measured in groups III and IV, when 5 and 7% lard was added, respectively. The animals, continuously fed Rations III and IV over the whole period of experiment, had a significantly higher fat content (p less than 0,05) than the control animals. There was a very marked influence of the fatty acid intake on the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. Following the change of feed to the control ration at 60 kg body weight, the linoleic acid content of the animals in Groups III and IV was significantly reduced (p less than 0,001) from 15.7 to 11.2%. However this was higher than the 7.3% linoleic acid measured on the animals continuously fed the control ration.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats , Swine/physiology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Composition , Body Weight , Cholesterol/blood , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Fats , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Insulin/blood , Male , Oils , Glycine max , Urea/bloodABSTRACT
Rations containing 12% sunflower oil (Ration II) and 12% coconut fat (Ration III) were compared with a control ration (Ration I) in a 34 day experiment with growing boars of the German Landrace breed (12-30 kg body weight). The relationships between DP and ME were held constant for all 3 rations, and because of the higher ME contents of the two fat rations, this was achieved by reducing the feed intake, relative to that of the control ration. Parameters measured were growth, composition at slaughter, the apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients and energy, the N-balance and the concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol in the blood. In comparison to Ration I, the apparent digestibilities of crude protein in Rations II and III were 5 and 4% (p less than 0,05) higher, respectively. There was little difference in the apparent digestibility of crude fat between the Rations II and III. However, large differences in the values were determined depending upon method of extraction. There were little differences in the productive performance of the animals fed the fat diets. The control animals had, however, a 13% lower growth rate (p less than 0,05) when compared at similar ME-intakes. As the energy concentration and the growth rate were higher in groups II and III, the feed conversion efficiency and the ME required per kg growth were approximately 30 and 13% lower than that of the control animals. The efficiency of protein utilization of the animals in group III was 4% higher (p greater than 0.05) and the blood urea concentration 20% lower (p less than 0.05) than that in group II. The values for the control animals were intermediate. A similar result was obtained concerning the fat content of the animals. The fat content of the animals in group III was 15.9% and this was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of 21.1% measured in group II. That of the control animals, 18.6%, was not significantly different from the above values. The differences in feeding over the relatively short period of 34 days lead to marked differences in the fatty acid pattern of the backfat. The contents of myristic acid and linoleic acid were significantly different between group II and III; for the former values of 0.8% and 16.9% were determined, respectively, with corresponding values of 48.7 and 11.3% for the latter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats/pharmacology , Dietary Proteins/metabolism , Lipid Metabolism , Plant Oils , Swine/metabolism , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Coconut Oil , Diet , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Insulin/blood , Male , Nutritive Value , Oils/pharmacology , Sunflower OilABSTRACT
Two groups, each of 9 castrated male piglets of the German Landrace breed, body weight 13-29 kg, were fed ad libitum for a 5 week period in order to determine the influence of the fatty acid composition of the dietary fat on protein and fat retention. The concentrations of urea, insulin, glucose, free glycerol and triglycerides were also determined. That fat in ration I (derived from 27% sunflower seed) contained 50% linoleic acid while that of ration II (derived from 12,5% coconut kernels) had a maximum lauric acid content of 41,8%. The relationship between digestible crude protein and ME-content was calculated to be similar in both rations. In addition protein quality was calculated to be similar in both rations. Protein deposition was determined from both nitrogen and comparative slaughter procedures. The results can be summarized as follows: The animals fed ration I had a higher daily ME-intake and growth rate than those fed ration II, although no great difference was observed in ME required per kg body weight gain. The efficiency of protein utilization was significantly better in group I and this was associated with a lower blood urea concentration. The concentrations of insulin and glucose in the blood, measured before as well as 20, 45, 60 and 120 minutes following feeding, showed little differences between the groups. The triglyceride concentration measured before and 1 and 5 hours following feeding was significantly higher (p less than 0,01) in group II. There was no significant difference in the protein and fat content of the body as well as in the daily protein and fat deposition. The fatty acid composition of the back fat was significantly influenced by the fatty acid pattern of the dietary fat. In group I the linoleic acid content was 3,6 times higher and the lauric- and myristic acid content 11,7 times lower compared to that of group II.
Subject(s)
Dietary Fats , Lipid Metabolism , Proteins/metabolism , Swine/physiology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Weight , Cocos , Diet , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Glycerol/blood , Helianthus , Insulin/blood , Male , Seeds , Triglycerides/bloodABSTRACT
The influence of different feeding regimes of piglets on fattening performance and blood composition of the subsequent fattening period (30-100 kg) was examined. Three groups of pigs fed on an isocaloric and isonitrogenous basis with rations containing either 5% fat (groups I), 18% fat (group II) or 35% fat (group III) until body weight of 30 kg, were fed ad libitum one diet from 30 kg onwards. At a body weight of 45 and 93 kg the blood concentrations of insulin, glucose, urea, free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol in response to feeding and of insulin and glucose in response to an oral glucose load was determined in pigs provided with a permanent jugular vein catheter. Moreover, the in-vitro fat synthesis from glucose was measured. At the end of the experiment the body composition was determined by chemical analysis of the carcass. Neither feed intake, daily body weight gain nor feed conversion differed significantly among the groups. Blood urea levels of the three groups did not suggest a different protein utilization. Neither feed consumption nor oral intake of glucose affected the insulin and glucose response of the three groups differently. The concentrations of free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol did not differ clearly among the groups although occasionally significance of difference was observed. In group I the in-vitro synthesis of fat was increased (p less than 0.05) at a body weight of 45 kg and appeared to be higher at a body weight of 93 kg as compared to the high fat group (group III). No clear differences between the groups were observed in the chemical composition of the carcasses. It is concluded, that isocaloric replacement of carbohydrates by fat in the diet of piglets does not affect protein and fat retention in the subsequent fattening period.
Subject(s)
Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Energy Intake , Swine/metabolism , Animals , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Composition , Body Weight , Cholesterol/blood , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids/blood , Insulin/blood , Lipids/blood , Swine/growth & development , Urea/bloodABSTRACT
Three groups of male, castrated piglets of the German Landrace breed, weight range 3-30 kg, were used to study the relation between fattening performance and blood parameters when feeding rations containing different amounts of fat. The fat content of the rations was either 5% (group I), 18% (group II) or 35% (group III). Concomitantly with the increased metabolizable energy (ME) content of the ration the content of digestible protein (DP) was increased and the amount of feed reduced in order to guarantee an equal intake of ME and DP in all three groups. The digestibility of the crude nutrients and protein retention of the subjects were determined in nine subsequent trials each lasting 7 days. At a body weight of 27 kg the blood concentrations of insulin, glucose, free fatty acids, neutral lipids and cholesterol were determined at different times after feeding. In addition, an oral glucose tolerance test was made and the in-vitro synthesis of fat from glucose was measured. The apparent digestibility of fat amounted, unexpectedly, to approximately 94% on the high rat rations II and III. In all groups a significant positive relation between body weight and digestibility of the fat was determined. Despite equal daily intakes of ME in all groups, in group III daily weight gain and protein retention were 7% (p less than 0.01) and 4% (p less than 0.01) higher than in group I, respectively. Blood urea levels of group III were 67% (p less than 0.01) lower than in group I. The mean daily nitrogen retention of the three groups rose gradually from 4 g at a body weight of 5 kg to 16-17 g at a body weight of 25 kg. The feed conversion of group I was lower by 22 and 36% as compared to groups II and III, respectively. Highly significant differences were observed among either groups (p less than 0.01). It has been calculated that in group III the consumption of ME/kg weight gain was about 8% (p less than 0.05) lower than in the two other groups. According to the increased fat percentage of the rations, body protein content diminished from 17,1% in group I to 16,5 and 16% in groups II and III, respectively. Only the difference between groups I and III proved to be significant (p less than 0.05). In group I feed intake resulted in an increase in the insulin level by 55% (p less than 0.05) whereas glucose did not change significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
