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1.
Environ Monit Assess ; 28(3): 277-94, 1993 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24221189

ABSTRACT

A probability-based sample of 48 of the 152 lakes in the Sawtooth Wilderness, Idaho was conducted in summer 1988. Results from this sample were compared to the Environmental Protection Agency's 1985 probability survey of lakes throughout the western United States, which included 17 lakes in the Sawtooth Wilderness. Although methods differed in several respects, including year, season, sampling location within the lakes, holding times, and sample size, general characterization of lake chemistry for the population of lakes in the wilderness based on the two surveys was very similar. The results indicate that general lake characterization in difficult-to-access wilderness areas of the West can be achieved with a modest investment in resources with the use of volunteers. However, accurate measurement of some non-conservative and low-level analytes such as NO 3 (-) ,NH 4 (+) , total P, and aluminiun in the lakes probably requires more rigorous attention to sampling protocols and holding times. A two-stage sampling strategy employing extensive use of conductivity on a large number of lakes and intensive detailed chemical characterization on a smaller number of lakes offers an alternative design for describing large populations of wilderness lakes. The relatively high concentrations of fluoride and sulfate in many of the study lakes reflect the weathering of minerals not usually identified on geologic maps. These natural sources of acid anions violate the assumptions in commonly employed empirical models of acidification.

2.
Science ; 253(5026): 1335-6, 1991 Sep 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17793466
3.
Environ Monit Assess ; 12(1): 3-21, 1989 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24249054

ABSTRACT

A synoptic survey of 719 lakes representing an estimated 10,393 lakes in mountainous areas of the western United States was conducted in autumn 1985. Nearly two-thirds of the study lakes were located in wilderness areas or national parks and were sampled by ground access. The results of a comparability study of 45 wilderness lakes accessed by helicopter and ground crews indicated that the data were generally indistinguishable, making it possible to use data from lakes sampled by ground crews without modification. Wilderness lakes had lower acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), base cations, sulfate, and dissolved organic carbon than nonwilderness lakes throughout the West. The highest estimated number (849) and percentage (42.1) of low ANC (≤50 µeq L(-1)) wilderness lakes were located in California; the lowest number (66) was located in the Southern Rockies. The Sierra Nevada contained an estimated 808 low ANC lakes, representing the largest subpopulation of low ANC lakes associated with an individual mountain range in the West. Wilderness lakes in selected geographic areas of the Rocky Mountains generally contained higher concentrations of major ions than lakes in the far West and the concentrations generally increased from the Northern to the Southern Rockies. Comparison of wilderness lakes in the West with lakes in the Adirondack Park, New York, and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area/Voyagers National Park in Northeastern Minnesota showed that western lakes are highly sensitive resources that currently exhibit little evidence of anthropogenic acidification. Although wilderness lakes do not exhibit symptoms of chronic acidification, short-term depression of pH and ANC from snowmelt and thunderstorms occur and episodic acidification influenced by anthropogenic sources cannot be discounted on the basis of this survey.

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