Multilayer coated grazing incidence condenser for large numerical aperture objective at wavelength of 4.5 nm.

A grazing incidence condenser is developed for objectives with large numerical aperture working in Carbon-window wavelength region (λ=4.4-5.0 nm) with the use of a point light source. The condenser is composed of four pieces of toroidal mirrors and a piece of the mirror was fabricated to evaluate the performance of the mirror. The radii of the toroidal mirror are determined by ray-trace calculation, and each radius of the mirror substrate and the roughness of the polished surface were evaluated to satisfy the designed parameter. A Co/C reflection multilayer is also designed to reflect soft x-ray light at 4.5 nm wavelength, and the reflection multilayer was deposited on the mirror surface. Measured reflectance of the toroidal mirror with the reflection multilayer is higher than 0.32 at 4.5 nm wavelength.

[Chemotherapy with high-dose carboplatin for inoperable non-small cell lung cancer].

The clinical efficacy and side effects of high-dose CBDCA therapy were studied in 35 cases of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. A positive effect was obtained in about 30% of the subjects, all of who were squamous cell carcinoma patients. Incidence of clinical side effects was very low, thrombocytopenia being the major hematologic side effect. AUC, calculated from periodic measurements of free-Pt concentration in 19 subjects, was sensitive renal function, having a positive correlation with Cmax and a negative correlation with platelet nadir levels. This finding suggested the importance of establishing optimum dose levels with regard to pharmacokinetics. Patients in whom bone marrow suppression did not hamper continued therapy were treated as outpatients, many of whom retained sufficient QOL while undergoing outpatient therapy. Considering the present status of chemotherapy for NSCLC, characterized by the lack of long-term clinical efficacy and the presence of severe side effects, the present therapy is of great importance, since it can be continued with constant efficacy rates while maintaining good PS.

[Studies on 13 cases of active tuberculosis diagnosed at autopsy for the first time].

It is reported not only that the incidence of active tuberculosis has not decreased but also that the cases of active tuberculosis who had been diagnosed at autopsy for the first time may have increased. The background factors and clinical courses of 13 cases of active tuberculosis whom we could not diagnose as tuberculosis until autopsy were investigated. According to the autopsy reports, the three fourths of the cases had active tuberculosis lesions in several organs as miliary tuberculosis. All of the cases were treated in serious condition of liver cirrhosis, leukemia, and other malignant diseases. Although fever of unknown origin was an important symptom, it was difficult to make a correct diagnosis because the fever was thought to be originated not from active tuberculosis but from the underlying diseases themselves. It was also difficult to diagnose from chest x-ray findings unless tuberculosis was suspected clinically. The education about tuberculosis should be held repeatedly. And we should try to think from different direction for the strange and unexpected clinical features of the patients with liver cirrhosis, leukemia, and other malignant diseases.