MACCoM: A multiple attention and convolutional cross-mixer framework for detailed 2D biomedical image segmentation.

The UNet architecture, which is widely used for biomedical image segmentation, has limitations like blurred feature maps and over- or under-segmented regions. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel network architecture called MACCoM (Multiple Attention and Convolutional Cross-Mixer) - an end-to-end depthwise encoder-decoder fully convolutional network designed for binary and multi-class biomedical image segmentation built upon deeperUNet. We proposed a multi-scope attention module (MSAM) that allows the model to attend to diverse scale features, preserving fine details and high-level semantic information thus useful at the encoder-decoder connection. As the depth increases, our proposed spatial multi-head attention (SMA) is added to facilitate inter-layer communication and information exchange, enabling the network to effectively capture long-range dependencies and global context. MACCoM is also equipped with a convolutional cross-mixer we proposed to enhance the feature extraction capability of the model. By incorporating these modules, we effectively combine semantically similar features and reduce artifacts during the early stages of training. Experimental results on 4 biomedical datasets crafted from 3 datasets of varying modalities consistently demonstrate that MACCoM outperforms or matches state-of-the-art baselines in the segmentation tasks. With Breast Ultrasound Image (BUSI), MACCoM recorded 99.06 % Jaccard, 77.58 % Dice, and 93.92 % Accuracy, while recording 99.50 %, 98.44 %, and 99.29 % respectively for Jaccard, Dice, and Accuracy on the Chest X-ray (CXR) images used. The Jaccard, Dice, and Accuracy for the High-Resolution Fundus (HRF) images are 95.77 %, 74.35 %, and 95.95 % respectively. The findings here highlight MACCoM's effectiveness in improving segmentation performance and its valuable potential in image analysis.

Enhanced Cardiovascular Disease Prediction Modelling using Machine Learning Techniques: A Focus on CardioVitalnet.

Aiming at early detection and accurate prediction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to reduce mortality rates, this study focuses on the development of an intelligent predictive system to identify individuals at risk of CVD. The primary objective of the proposed system is to combine deep learning models with advanced data mining techniques to facilitate informed decision-making and precise CVD prediction. This approach involves several essential steps, including the preprocessing of acquired data, optimized feature selection, and disease classification, all aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of the system. The chosen optimal features are fed as input to the disease classification models and into some Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for improved performance in CVD classification. The experiment was simulated in the Python platform and the evaluation metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and F1_score were employed to assess the models' performances. The ML models (Extra Trees (ET), Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost, and XG-Boost) classifiers achieved high accuracies of 94.35%, 97.87%, 96.44%, and 99.00%, respectively, on the test set, while the proposed CardioVitalNet (CVN) achieved 87.45% accuracy. These results offer valuable insights into the process of selecting models for medical data analysis, ultimately enhancing the ability to make more accurate diagnoses and predictions.

Comparative performance analysis of Boruta, SHAP, and Borutashap for disease diagnosis: A study with multiple machine learning algorithms.

Interpretable machine learning models are instrumental in disease diagnosis and clinical decision-making, shedding light on relevant features. Notably, Boruta, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), and BorutaShap were employed for feature selection, each contributing to the identification of crucial features. These selected features were then utilized to train six machine learning algorithms, including LR, SVM, ETC, AdaBoost, RF, and LR, using diverse medical datasets obtained from public sources after rigorous preprocessing. The performance of each feature selection technique was evaluated across multiple ML models, assessing accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. Among these, SHAP showcased superior performance, achieving average accuracies of 80.17%, 85.13%, 90.00%, and 99.55% across diabetes, cardiovascular, statlog, and thyroid disease datasets, respectively. Notably, the LGBM emerged as the most effective algorithm, boasting an average accuracy of 91.00% for most disease states. Moreover, SHAP enhanced the interpretability of the models, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms driving disease diagnosis. This comprehensive study contributes significant insights into feature selection techniques and machine learning algorithms for disease diagnosis, benefiting researchers and practitioners in the medical field. Further exploration of feature selection methods and algorithms holds promise for advancing disease diagnosis methodologies, paving the way for more accurate and interpretable diagnostic models.

Breast cancer diagnosis and management guided by data augmentation, utilizing an integrated framework of SHAP and random augmentation.

Recent research indicates that early detection of breast cancer (BC) is critical in achieving favorable treatment outcomes and reducing the mortality rate associated with it. With the difficulty in obtaining a balanced dataset that is primarily sourced for the diagnosis of the disease, many researchers have relied on data augmentation techniques, thereby having varying datasets with varying quality and results. The dataset we focused on in this study is crafted from SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)-augmentation and random augmentation (RA) approaches to dealing with imbalanced data. This was carried out on the Wisconsin BC dataset and the effectiveness of this approach to the diagnosis of BC was checked using six machine-learning algorithms. RA synthetically generated some parts of the dataset while SHAP helped in assessing the quality of the attributes, which were selected and used for the training of the models. The result from our analysis shows that the performance of the models used generally increased to more than 3% for most of the models using the dataset obtained by the integration of SHAP and RA. Additionally, after diagnosis, it is important to focus on providing quality care to ensure the best possible outcomes for patients. The need for proper management of the disease state is crucial so as to reduce the recurrence of the disease and other associated complications. Thus the interpretability provided by SHAP enlightens the management strategies in this study focusing on the quality of care given to the patient and how timely the care is.

Structure and Computational Studies of New Sulfonamide Compound: {(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl}tryptophan.

Synthesis of sulfonamide through an indirect method that avoids contamination of the product with no need for purification has been carried out using the indirect process. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel sulfonamide compound, ({4-nitrophenyl}sulfonyl)tryptophan (DNSPA) from 4-nitrobenzenesulphonylchloride and L-tryptophan precursors. The slow evaporation method was used to form single crystals of the named compound from methanolic solution. The compound was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis and spectroscopic methods (NMR, IR, mass spectrometry, and UV-vis). The sulfonamide N-H NMR signal at 8.07-8.09 ppm and S-N stretching vibration at 931 cm-1 indicate the formation of the target compound. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic crystal system and P21 space group with four molecules of the compound in the asymmetric unit. Molecular aggregation in the crystal structure revealed a 12-molecule aggregate synthon sustained by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and stabilised by N-H⋯O intermolecular contacts. Experimental studies were complemented by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The computed structural and spectroscopic data are in good agreement with those obtained experimentally. The energies of interactions between the units making up the molecule were calculated. Molecular docking studies showed that DNSPA has a binding energy of -6.37 kcal/mol for E. coli DNA gyrase (5MMN) and -6.35 kcal/mol for COVID-19 main protease (6LU7).