ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis can be reactivated under specific treatment, as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), in HIV patients under antiretroviral treatment. We report two observations of tuberculosis exacerbation with extension to other territories (lymph node and pericarditis) occurring 3 weeks and 4 months after administration of tuberculosis treatment, with a favourable development, in absence of rehabilitation or addition of complementary therapy These observations show the necessity of increased surveillance on the short, medium and long term in patients with both treatment for tuberculosis and antiretroviral treatment.
Subject(s)
Anti-HIV Agents/adverse effects , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/complications , Adult , Female , Humans , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/chemically induced , RNA, Viral/blood , Recurrence , Viral LoadABSTRACT
PURPOSE : the problem of fake and counterfeit drugs is real and constitutes a major threat to the health and safety of the Nigerian population. A descriptive study was carried out to assess the methods of identification of counterfeit drugs by community pharmacists in Lagos State. METHODS : The research instrument was a 23-item questionnaire; which was administered to consenting community pharmacists in 17 out of the 20 Local Government Areas in Lagos State. A convenient sample of practicing community pharmacists both in retail and wholesale distribution of pharmaceutical products were recruited into the study using a list of registered pharmacists from the Association of Community Pharmacists in Lagos State. Effort was made to ensure adequate representation of Pharmacies in every local government area in Lagos State. RESULTS: All the respondents agreed that there is a fake and counterfeit drug problem in Nigeria; and (74 percent) considered this a major problem. The respondents commonly used visual security techniques before drug purchasing. These were: Seals/embossments (83 percent); character of print (77 percent); and Holograms (68 percent).The respondents'most likely action after a counterfeit drug encounter was to return the drug back to the supplier. CONCLUSION : The study showed that pharmacists sampled were aware of the prevalence of fake and counterfeit drugs and quite a number of them have had encounters with them. There is an indication that the respondents try to assure themselves of the quality of the drugs they purchase by use of several methods. However; no rigorous effort was taken to confirm as well as report suspected fake and counterfeit drugs to regulatory authorities
Subject(s)
Data Collection , Drug Contamination/prevention & control , Pharmacists , Public Health , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
PIP: A general review of the literature on urbanization in developing countries is presented. The review covers works written between the 1950s and the present day. Particular attention is given to the various opinions regarding squatter settlements in and around urban areas.^ieng
