ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the retreatment time and the removal efficiency of different root canal sealers using WaveOne Gold reciproc file system by measuring required time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five mandibular premolars were prepared and randomly divided into three groups (n = 15). In Groups 1-3, the canals were filled with gutta-percha and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex, EndoREZ, and AH26, respectively. After 7 days, root canal filling materials (RCFM) were removed with WaveOne Gold reciproc files by measuring time. Teeth were grooved and sectioned longitudinally, then remaining RCFM was evaluated using digital camera. The images were transferred to image analysis software to measure the areas of remaining RCFM. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between groups according to time required for removing RCFM (P < 0.05). The time required for removing RCFM was significantly shorter in Group 1 and longer in Group 3 than the other groups (P < 0.05). In Group 1, the remaining RCFM was more than other groups at middle third (P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between groups at coronal and apical thirds (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: None of the sealers evaluated in this study could completely be removed from the root canals. MTA-based sealer was removed faster than resin-based sealers.
Subject(s)
Dental Cements , Dental Pulp Cavity/diagnostic imaging , Gutta-Percha/chemistry , Oxides/chemistry , Retreatment , Root Canal Filling Materials/chemistry , Root Canal Obturation/methods , Root Canal Preparation/methods , Aluminum Compounds , Calcium Compounds , Drug Combinations , Humans , Materials Testing , Silicates , Surface Properties , Time Factors , Zinc Oxide-Eugenol CementABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Studies in animals have provided key evidence that antagonizing TNF-α is a viable therapeutic strategy for diffuse severe brain injury. This study is planned to prevent post-traumatic secondary tissue damages in rat diffuse severe brain injury model, which is induced by alone or combined administration of Etanercept and lithium chloride (LiCl). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the current study. Rats were divided into 5 groups. Trauma was not induced and treatment was not applied to rats of Sham group. For rats of Trauma+Saline group, saline 0.9% was administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) route at dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Trauma+Etanercept group, Etanercept was administered via i.p. route at dose of 5 mg/kg body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Trauma+LiCl group, LiCl was administered via i.p. route at dose of 50 mg/kg body weight 1 hour after trauma. For rats of Etanercept+LiCl group, Etanercept and LiCl were administered via i.p. route at dose of 5 mg/kg body weight and 50 mg/kg body weight, respectively, 1 hour after trauma. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Tau levels were analyzed with ELISA. For analyses H&E, TUNEL, GFAP and TNF-α staining methods were used. RESULTS: We demonstrate that Etanercept treatment reduced the TBI-induced brain tissues alteration, reduced the expression of TNF-α and improve edema and axonal swelling. We observed a significant decrease in TNF-α and GFAP positivity after LiCl was administered. CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained in this study suggest that the combination therapy with Etanercept and LiCl decreased neuronal degeneration and alleviated secondary tissue damage in post-traumatic period.
Subject(s)
Brain Injuries/drug therapy , Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use , Lithium Chloride/therapeutic use , Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use , Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Astrocytes/drug effects , Astrocytes/metabolism , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Brain Injuries/metabolism , Brain Injuries/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Therapy, Combination , Etanercept , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/blood , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism , Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology , Lithium Chloride/pharmacology , Male , Neurons/drug effects , Neurons/metabolism , Neurons/pathology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , tau Proteins/bloodABSTRACT
AIM: Aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein (GFAP) particularly in minor head traumas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 72 female and male, 3 month-old, Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into 9 groups. Following anesthesia, all rats were placed in prone position. A 10 mm long and 3 mm thick stainless steel metal disc was fixed onto the skull using dental paste in order to sustain a closed head trauma and evenly distribute the weight throughout the skull. After placing it under the metallic pipe arrangement over a height of 80 centimeters and fixing to make it constant, 50 g metallic discs were released by free fall, and the head trauma was sustained thanks to the gravity-generated force. Blood samples were collected from the rats under anesthesia for biochemical GFAP analysis 10 minutes after the trauma and in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 24 consecutive hours later. RESULTS: GFAP has a peak, and its peak level at hours 1 and 2 in rats subjected to a minor head trauma, with a slight decrease afterwards. CONCLUSIONS: GFAP is an important marker in determining the severity of traumatic brain injury.
