Risk Factors Contributing to Symptomatic Miniplate Removal following Orthognathic Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background/Objectives: The use of miniplates for stabilizing bones post orthognathic surgery has surged in popularity due to their efficacy in ensuring stability and hastening recovery. However, controversy exists regarding what should be done with these miniplates after surgery. Some surgeons advocate for their removal, while others suggest leaving them in place. This study sought to assess the frequency, causes, and potential risk factors linked with miniplate removal in orthognathic procedures. Methods: A thorough meta-analysis was conducted by scrutinizing studies from various databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus, focusing on publications spanning from 1989 to 2023. Results: Ten studies meeting the inclusion criteria, encompassing 1603 patients, were chosen for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The male-to-female ratio varied from 0.7:1 to 4:1. Overall, 5595 miniplates were inserted, with 294 (5.3%) being subsequently removed. Primary reasons for miniplate removal included infection (161 cases, 2.9%), exposure of miniplates (34 cases, 0.6%), and palpable plates (23 cases, 0.4%). Other indications comprised pain, patient preference, and temperature sensitivity. Less frequent causes for miniplate removal included sinusitis, secondary surgery, and dental pathology. The mean duration of miniplate removal was 5.5 months, with the majority (56.1%) being removed from the mandible rather than the maxilla. In conclusion, this meta-analysis underscores the importance of miniplate removal when hardware causes complications and physical discomfort. The primary reasons for removing miniplates were infection and plate exposure, with the mandible being the most common removal site. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring to assess the fate of miniplates in orthognathic surgery and provide valuable information for future clinical decision-making.

Subretinal pigment epithelium fibrotic tissue morphological changes after a single anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection in age-related macular degeneration.

AIMS: To demonstrate and evaluate the morphological changes of multilayered fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED) to a single anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the morphological changes of 30 eyes with exudative AMD showing fibrotic multilayered PED, between two consecutive visits. All patients had one anti-VEGF intravitreal injection at the first visit. We quantitatively analysed the different compartments within the PED and their morphological response. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time interval between the first and the second visit was 32.46±4.64 days. We defined three optical coherence tomography zones within the PED: a subretinal pigment epithelium inhomogeneous hyporeflective space (layer 1), a hyper-reflective band beneath layer 1 (layer 2), and a hyporeflective space between the Bruch's membrane and layer 2 (layer 3). The mean height of layer 1 was 142±44.63 and 99.30±39.79 µm at visits 1 and 2, respectively. The mean thickness of layer 2 was 101.42±46.66 and 82.76±35.24 µm at visits 1 and 2, respectively. The mean height of layer 3 was 35.77±32.77 and 5.66±8.68 µm at visits 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.009). The mean height change for layer 1 was statistically significantly higher than for layer 2 (p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Fibrovascular PED was compartmented into three layers with different reflectivities that morphologically responded differently to a single anti-VEGF injection. Layer 2 had a statistically significantly lower response compared with layer 1, suggesting the hypothesis of a fibrotic component in layer 2.

Comparison of Retinal and Choroidal Involvement in Sarcoidosis-related Chorioretinitis Using Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography.

PURPOSE: To compare the involvement of the retina with that of the choroid in ocular sarcoidosis (OS) using dual fluorescein angiography (FA)/indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). METHODS: A retrospective study of 23 patients with the diagnosis of OS was performed. Angiographic signs were quantified following the established FA/ICGA scoring system for uveitis. RESULTS: The choroid was predominantly involved in 19 (82.6%) patients or 87% (40/46) of the eyes, and the retina in 2 (8.7%) patients or 13% (6/46) of the eyes. The mean angiographic score was 7.15 ± 4.5 for the retina (FA) compared to 14.02 ± 4.86 for the choroid (ICGA) (P < 0.0001). In 13% (3/23) of patients, FA did not show retinal inflammation, whereas ICGA was strongly positive, revealing occult choroidal lesions. CONCLUSION: The choroid is preferentially involved in OS, for which ICGA is the examination of choice. There is a risk of underestimating the global ocular involvement and of missing choroidal involvement if only FA is used. FA/ICGA scoring system allows for quantitative assessment of inflammation in the posterior uvea that occurs in OS; therefore, the system can be useful to quantitatively monitor outcomes in clinical trials.

ACQUIRED VITELLIFORM DETACHMENT IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

PURPOSE: To report a case of subfoveal acquired vitelliform detachment in a patient with multiple myeloma. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 65-year-old man was referred for treatment of a serous macular detachment considered to be caused from chronic central serous chorioretinopathy or adult pseudovitelliform macular dystrophy. His medical history revealed an untreated multiple myeloma. Systemic chemotherapy was undertaken and resulted in a rapid resolution of the detachment. CONCLUSION: Multiple myeloma may be considered as a possible cause of vitelliform macular detachment.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

Purpose. To analyze optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and to compare them with those obtained with multimodal imaging. Methods. A series of consecutive patients diagnosed with CSC, underwent OCTA and multimodal imaging, including spectral domain OCT, fluorescein, and indocyanine green angiography. OCTA images were performed at three main depth intervals: automatically segmented outer retina, manually adjusted outer retina, and automatically segmented choriocapillaris. Results. Thirty-three eyes of 32 consecutive patients were analyzed. OCTA showed 3 main anomalies at the choriocapillaris: the presence of dark areas (19/33 eyes) which were frequently associated with serous retinal detachment, presence of dark spots (7/33 eyes) which were frequently associated with retinal pigment epithelium detachment, and presence of abnormal vessels (12/33 eyes) which were frequently, but not systematically, associated with choroidal neovascularization, as confirmed by multimodal imaging. Conclusions. OCTA revealed dark areas and dark spots, which were commonly observed. An abnormal choroidal pattern was also observed in one-third of cases, even when multimodal imaging did not evidence any choroidal neovascularization. Abnormal choroidal vessels should be interpreted with caution, and we could assume that this pathological choroidal vascular pattern observed in many CSC cases could be distinct from CNV.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FEATURES OF SUBRETINAL FIBROSIS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION.

PURPOSE: To report the imaging features of subretinal fibrosis secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS: All consecutive patients diagnosed with subretinal fibrosis complicating exudative AMD were imaged by color retinal photographs or multicolor imaging, fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography. Eyes with active exudative features observed during the last 6 months were compared with those without any sign of exudation >6 months. RESULTS: Forty-nine eyes of 47 consecutive patients were included. A blood flow inside the fibrotic scar could be detected in 46 of 49 cases (93.8%). Three patterns of vascular networks could be distinguished, that were described as pruned vascular tree (26 of 49 eyes; 53.1%), tangled network (14 of 49; 28.6%), and/or vascular loop (25 of 49; 51.0%). Furthermore, 2 types of hyporeflective structures, large flow void, and/or dark halo were observed in 63% and in 65% of eyes, respectively. The observed patterns did not differ between eyes with active or inactive lesions. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography angiography of subretinal fibrosis showed almost constantly a perfused, abnormal vascular network and collateral architectural changes in the outer retina and the choriocapillaris layer. These features were associated with both active and inactive fibrotic choroidal neovessels.

OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN EARLY TYPE 3 NEOVASCULARIZATION.

PURPOSE: To report the imaging features of Type 3 neovascularization secondary to exudative age-related macular degeneration on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: All consecutive treatment-naive patients diagnosed with early-stage Type 3 neovascularization underwent imaging by color retinal photographs or multicolor imaging, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and OCTA. The OCTA features were analyzed and correlated with the findings of conventional angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: A total of 18 treatment-naive eyes of 18 consecutive patients (13 females and 5 males; mean age 81.3 ± 6.0) were included in the analysis. Optical coherence tomography angiography showed lesions characterized by a retinal-retinal anastomosis that emerged from the deep capillary plexus, forming in all 18 eyes a clear tuft-shaped high-flow network in the outer retinal segmentation, finally abutting in the subretinal pigment epithelium space. In 15 of 18 eyes, in the choriocapillaris segmentation, there appeared a small clew-like lesion, which in 2 cases seemed connected with the choroid through a small caliber vessel. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography angiography of treatment-naive Type 3 neovascularization showed almost constantly a high-flow, tuft-shaped abnormal outer retinal proliferation, frequently associated to a small clew-like lesion in the choriocapillaris layer.