ABSTRACT
Carcinoma of the breast is the most prevalent cancer among Egyptian women and constitutes 29% of National Cancer Institute cases. Median age at diagnosis is one decade younger than in countries of Europe and North America and most patients are premenopausal. Tumours are relatively advanced at presentation. The majority of tumours are invasive duct subtype and the profile of hormone receptors is positive for estrogen receptors and/or progesterone receptors in less than half of cases. This overview examines genetic changes, potential and established predictive and prognostic markers and end results of surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy for early, locally advanced and metastatic disease stages. Disease presentations common to the region and early detection strategies are presented.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Age Distribution , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/etiology , Breast Neoplasms/therapy , Combined Modality Therapy , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , Egypt/epidemiology , Female , Genes, erbB-2/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Humans , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Mass Screening/methods , Middle Aged , MutS Homolog 2 Protein , Predictive Value of Tests , Premenopause , Prevalence , Primary Prevention , Prognosis , Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics , Receptors, Estrogen , Receptors, Progesterone , Sex Distribution , Survival Rate , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Carcinoma of the breast is the most prevalent cancer among Egyptian women and constitutes 29% of National Cancer Institute cases. Median age at diagnosis is one decade younger than in countries of Europe and North America and most patients are premenopausal. Tumours are relatively advanced at presentation. The majority of tumours are invasive duct subtype and the profile of hormone receptors is positive for estrogen receptors and /or progesterone receptors in less than half of cases. This overview examines genetic changes, potential and established predictive and prognostic markers and end results of surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy for early, locally advanced and metastatic disease stages. Disease presentations common to the region and early detection strategies are presented
Subject(s)
Age Distribution , Combined Modality Therapy , DNA-Binding Proteins , Genes, erbB-2 , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Lymphatic Metastasis , Mass Screening , Predictive Value of Tests , Premenopause , Breast NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Four analgesic agents were studied during labour: pethidinesparine, ketamine hydrochloride, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and trichloroethylene in air (Trilene). Excellent analgesia was achieved with ketamine, however hallucinations were troublesome. Trichloroethylene analgesia was good without side-effects. Pethidine-sparine produced moderate analgesia but with nausea and/or vomiting. Nitrous oxide 50% presented poor analgesia. Uterine activity was insignificantly diminished in the late first stage after administration of all analgesic agents except with ketamine. There were no untoward effects on fetuses.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Ketamine/pharmacology , Meperidine/pharmacology , Nitrous Oxide/pharmacology , Trichloroethylene/pharmacology , Uterine Contraction/drug effects , Female , Fetal Heart/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Humans , PregnancyABSTRACT
The serum levels of lysozyme, serum electrophoresis, and serum immunoglobulins were determined prospectively in 101 patients with ulcerative colitis, ulcerative proctitis, Crohn's disease, or nonclassifiable nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease. Although the mean serum lysozyme concentration of patients with Crohn's disease (10.5 +/- 6.8 microgram/ml) and ulcerative colitis (9.6 +/- 4.1 microgram/ml) performed by a standardized lysoplate method was significantly greater than normal controls (6.0 +/- 1.5 microgram/ml), the results did not correlate with the diagnosis nor with the degree of disease activity. Individually separated protein fractions and serum immunoglobulins also did not correlate with the serum lysozyme levels. This study indicates that measurement of the level of serum lysozyme in individual patients is not helpful in determining the cause or degree of activity of nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease.
