ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of penile size abnormalities is both medically and psychologically important. It is important in the diagnosis of penile problems. Therefore, a current established reference for penile size in newborns and children is vital for diagnosis and early management of micropenis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to establish reference values for penile length in newborn and prepubertal boys at different ages in Minia Governorate, Egypt. METHODS: The study was conducted on 1000 boys with ages ranging from 1 day to 13 years. Stretched penile length (SPL) was measured in mm by using a ruler with markings along the dorsum of the penis. The suprapubic fat tissue was pressed with one end of the ruler through the pubic ramus, and the penis was fully stretched and measured. RESULTS: The mean SPL increased with age from newborn to 5 years, with a rapid growth observed in the first 8 months of life. After 5 years, SPL showed a slower growth rate until the age of 10 years, where it started to increase significantly again. DISCUSSION: Comparison of the SPL in different age groups revealed significant statistical differences between most groups. It showed a noticeable and significant increase, especially from birth to the age of 5 years. Although there was a mild increase in SPL from 5 to 10 years, it showed a significant level in few age groups, indicating that the change is trivial. After that, high growth rate occurred again and statistical differences remained from age 10-13 years. CONCLUSION: An updated reference for normal SPL in Egyptian boys from birth to 13 years old was provided in this study.
Subject(s)
Penis/anatomy & histology , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Egypt , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Organ Size , Reference ValuesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) is a well-known modality in increasing skin pigmentation through a variety of proposed mechanisms. Prostaglandin release is one of these mechanisms. Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) analogues, which are used to control ocular hypertension, were reported to induce periocular skin hyperpigmentation. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the local effect of three prostaglandin F(2alpha) analogues, namely Latanoprost, Bimatoprost and Travoprost on skin pigmentation. Assessment of the role of combination with narrow band UVB (NB-UVB) to each of these drugs is evaluated as well. METHODS: This study involved 18 female adult wild guinea pigs with patchy white and red/brown fur. The hair was shaved from four red/brown areas on the dorsal skin of each animal. In two areas of each animal, one of the above-mentioned drugs was applied alone and in conjunction with NB-UVB. In the other two areas, the vehicle was applied alone and in conjunction with NB-UVB exposure. Skin biopsies from each area were done at the start of the study and 4 weeks after, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson-Fontana (MF) stains. Clinical and histopathological changes were evaluated. RESULTS: Increased pigmentation was found in all areas with PGF(2alpha) analogues with and without NB-UVB. However, the former group had more effect both clinically and histopathologically. CONCLUSION: PGF(2alpha) analogues are promising drugs in inducing skin pigmentation. This effect can be enhanced with NB-UVB exposure.
