ABSTRACT
Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid phenol found in many essential oils that has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. Drug loaded-invasome systems are used to deliver drugs utilizing nanoparticles to improve bioavailability, efficacy, and drug release duration. As a result, the present study developed carvacrol-loaded invasomes and evaluated their acaricidal effect against Rhipicephalus annulatus (cattle tick) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (dog tick). Carvacrol loaded-invasome (CLI) was prepared and characterized using UV/Vis spectrophotometer, zeta potential measurements, Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis. CLI (5%) induced significant mortality (100%) in R. annulatus adult ticks with LC50 of 2.60%, whereas the LC50 of pure carvacrol was 4.30%. Carvacrol and CLI were shown to have a significant larvicidal action on both tick species, with LC50s of 0.24 and 0.21% against R. annulatus and 0.27 and 0.23% against R. sanguineus, respectively. Carvacrol and CLI (5%) induced significant repellent activities for 24 h against R. annulatus and R. sanguineus, as evidenced by the rod method and the petri-dish selective area choice method, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) demonstrated that the CLI form had 3.86 times the permeability of pure carvacrol. Moreover, carvacrol and CLI inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and decreased glutathione and malonedealdehyde levels in the treated ticks. In conclusion, invasomes significantly improved adulticidal and repellency activities of carvacrol against both tick species.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Coccidiosis is an intestinal disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria and responsible for considerable economic loss in the livestock and poultry industries. Resistance to the current anticoccidial drugs is now a major challenge to efforts to control the disease, and this has stimulated the search for new compounds as alternative treatments. In this context, plant extracts have emerged as an alternative and complementary approach to control coccidiosis. In the present study, an ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was screened for its anticoccidial activity against Eimeria papillata infection in mice. METHODS: To this end, albino mice were allocated into three groups: the first group was the non-infected control; the second and third groups were infected with 103 E. papillata oocysts. Of these, the second group was kept as an infected control; while the third group was gavaged with 100 µl of moringa leaf extract (MLE) at a dose of 400 mg MLE/kg, once daily, for five days. RESULTS: MLE significantly suppressed oocyst excretion in faeces, and histological study of the jejunum showed a significant decrease in the number of parasitic stages, with significant improvement in the numbers of goblet cells. Furthermore, the expression of MUC2 gene was upregulated in the treated mice compared with infected, which further supports the anticoccidial potential of MLE. Moreover, our study evidenced that MLE reduced oxidative damage by decreasing TBARS and iNOS expression, and increasing the GSH and GPX levels. Also, treatment with MLE promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and ultimately, inhibited the apoptosis of host cells in the treated mice. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that MLE has anticoccidial, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic activities in mice infected with Eimeria papillata.
