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1.
Food Microbiol ; 95: 103678, 2021 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33397613

ABSTRACT

Beer production is predominantly carried out by Saccharomyces species, such as S. cerevisiae and S. pastorianus. However, the introduction of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the brewing process is now seen as a promising strategy to improve and differentiate the organoleptic profile of beer. In this study, 17 non-Saccharomyces strains of 12 distinct species were isolated and submitted to a preliminary sensory evaluation to determine their potential for beer bioflavouring. Hanseniaspora guilliermondii IST315 and H. opuntiae IST408 aroma profiles presented the highest acceptability and were described as having 'fruity' and 'toffee' notes, respectively. Their presence in mixed-culture fermentations with S. cerevisiae US-05 did not influence attenuation and ethanol concentration of beer but had a significant impact in its volatile composition. Notably, while both strains reduced the total amount of ethyl esters, H. guilliermondii IST315 greatly increased the concentration of acetate esters, especially when sequentially inoculated, leading to an 8.2-fold increase in phenylethyl acetate ('rose', 'honey' aroma) in the final beverage. These findings highlight the importance of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in shaping the aroma profile of beer and suggest a role for Hanseniaspora spp. in improving it.


Subject(s)
Beer/analysis , Hanseniaspora/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism , Beer/microbiology , Coculture Techniques , Ethanol/metabolism , Fermentation , Flavoring Agents/analysis , Flavoring Agents/metabolism , Humans , Odorants/analysis , Taste , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism
2.
Cytokine ; 107: 26-34, 2018 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29175260

ABSTRACT

It is known that long-term exposure to stressful situations can produce severe consequences affecting behavioral, endocrine and immunological parameters. We have previously shown that stressed BALB/c mice had poor learning performance, which was reverted by glatiramer acetate treatment through a mechanism that likely involved the regulation of the cytokine balance and adult neurogenesis. In addition, recent results suggest that cytokine and neurotrophin expression in the hippocampus displayed similar tendencies as those in the serum. However, if lymphoid cells could be good candidates as peripheral markers of memory impairment have not yet been investigated. For this purpose, we analyzed the spatial memory and the neutrophin and cytokine mRNA levels in lymph nodes and hippocampus in mice submitted to chronic stress treated or not with glatiramer acetate. Results indicated that there was a correlation between the cytokine and neurotrophin mRNA levels in the hippocampus and in the peripheral lymph nodes, and the cognitive performance in BALB/c mice. In particular, our results suggest that altered IFN-γ levels could be used as peripheral biomarker of cognitive deficit and treatment response.


Subject(s)
Biomarkers/metabolism , Cognition Disorders/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Animals , Biomarkers/blood , Chronic Disease , Cognition Disorders/blood , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Female , Gene Expression/drug effects , Glatiramer Acetate/pharmacology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interferon-gamma/genetics , Lymph Nodes/drug effects , Lymph Nodes/metabolism , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Maze Learning/drug effects , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nerve Growth Factors/blood , Nerve Growth Factors/genetics , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology , Stress, Psychological/prevention & control
3.
Psychopharmacology (Berl) ; 232(9): 1595-605, 2015 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25373868

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: Oxidative stress and neurotrophins are among the most important factors involved in several pathophysiological brain processes. In addition, long-term exposure to stressful situations has deleterious effects on behaviour. We have previously shown that stressed female BALB/c mice show poor learning performance and that this behaviour is reversed by glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the involvement of the hippocampal oxidative status and neurotrophin levels in cognitive deficit and the improvement of this deficit by GA treatment in chronic stressed BALB/c mice. METHODS: Female BALB/c mice were exposed to a chronic mild stress (CMS) model for 9 weeks. During the last 3 weeks of the stress exposure, one group of mice was subcutaneously injected four times with 100 µg GA/mouse. Following this period, behavioural studies were performed. The mice were then sacrificed, and biochemical studies were performed on the hippocampus. RESULTS: The stressed mice exhibited a significant decline in their performance in the open-field and in object-in-place tasks. This decline was accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Neither antioxidant defences nor neurotrophin protein levels were involved in this process. Interestingly, the administration of GA re-established the normal levels of ROS, restored nNOS activity and improved learning performance. CONCLUSIONS: The GA treatment improved learning and memory in female BALB/c mice under chronic stress through a mechanism that involves the regulation of NO production, which in turn modulates the ROS levels.


Subject(s)
Glatiramer Acetate/pharmacology , Hippocampus/metabolism , Learning/drug effects , Memory/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Female , Hippocampus/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Stress, Psychological/complications
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