Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics , Drug Hypersensitivity/genetics , Glutathione S-Transferase pi/genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Sulfonamides/adverse effects , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/enzymology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics , Adult , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Female , Humans , Inactivation, Metabolic/genetics , Male , Skin/immunologyABSTRACT
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV = maedi-visna in sheep and caprine arthritis encephalitis in goats) are distributed throughout most countries of the world, particularly Europe. Laboratories from 16 European countries established collaborations within the framework of a COST (CO-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) action sponsored by the European Union in order to (i) better organize their research programmes on SRLVs and (ii) to coordinate efforts to combat these two diseases. After five years, a consensus conference--the first one in the veterinary medicine field--concluded the work of this network of laboratories by reviewing the present position and discussing three important questions in the field of SRLVs: routes of transmission, consequences of infection and potential role of eradication programmes at either a European or local level, according to the situation in each country or region. This paper brings together existing information regarding these questions and identifies areas for future research.
Subject(s)
Lentivirus Infections/transmission , Lentivirus Infections/veterinary , Animals , Europe/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/virology , Goats , Incidence , Lentivirus Infections/economics , Lentivirus Infections/prevention & control , Milk/virology , Ruminants , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/virologyABSTRACT
Immortalization of B cells by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and their subsequent proliferation leads to B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in immunocompromised patients. The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has recently been raised, and an interaction between HCV and EBV is supported by recent in vitro experiments. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo interactions between HCV and EBV in patients with AIDS, i.e., patients exposed to the risk of EBV-related B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A total of 135 patients were prospectively studied. Serological and molecular markers of HCV, EBV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were sought. All the patients harbored latent EBV infection, and 20% had detectable HCV RNA in serum. No significant relationship was found between HIV, HCV, and EBV viral load in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or plasma. There was no difference between anti-HCV-positive and -negative patients or between HCV RNA-positive and -negative patients with regard to the prevalence of EBV markers, especially EBV replication markers. The presence of EBV replication markers was not related to HCV RNA seropositivity or to HCV viral load. Five patients subsequently developed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, none of whom had markers of EBV or HCV replication. These results argue against an in vivo interaction between HCV and EBV in patients with AIDS, and against a role of HCV infection in the occurrence of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in these patients.
Subject(s)
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology , Hepacivirus/physiology , Hepatitis C/complications , Hepatitis C/virology , Herpesvirus 4, Human/physiology , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/complications , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Hepacivirus/genetics , Hepacivirus/immunology , Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C/immunology , Hepatitis C Antibodies/blood , Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology , Humans , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/immunology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/complications , Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology , Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology , Male , Middle Aged , RNA, Viral/blood , Risk Factors , Viral Load , Virus Activation , Virus Latency , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Persons with HIV infection have increased rates of drug eruptions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate the risk factors of drug eruptions in response to sulfonamides in patients with AIDS, using a case-control analysis. METHODS: One hundred thirty-six patients who were hospitalized for pneumocystosis or toxoplasmosis were evaluated at the onset of treatment for various risk factors, which were then compared among patients with (48, 36%) and without (88, 64%) a drug eruption. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, high CD8(+) cell count and age less than 36 years indicated a risk of drug eruption (respective odds ratios: 3.5 [95% CI 1.6-7.8], P =.002, and 2.1 [95% CI 1-4.6], P =.06). Markers of viral replication for HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, and parvovirus B19, slow acetylation phenotype or genotype, and glutathione level were not associated with a risk. Administration of corticosteroids had no preventive effect. CONCLUSIONS: Our results challenge several current concepts regarding drug eruptions by discarding a strong association with glutathione deficiency, slow acetylation, or active viral infections and by showing no preventive effect of corticosteroids.
