Systemic infusion of TLR3-ligand and IFN-α in patients with breast cancer reprograms local tumor microenvironments for selective CTL influx.

BACKGROUND: Presence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) predicts the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. The ability of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligands, interferons (IFNs) and COX2 inhibitors to synergistically induce CTL-attracting chemokines (but not regulatory T cell (Treg)-attractants) in the TME, but not in healthy tissues, observed in our preclinical studies, suggested that their systemic application can reprogram local TMEs. METHODS: Six evaluable patients (33-69 years) with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer received six doses of systemic chemokine-modulating (CKM) regimen composed of TLR3 ligand (rintatolimod; 200 mg; intravenous), IFN-α2b (20 MU/m2; intravenous) and COX2 inhibitor (celecoxib; 2×200 mg; oral) over 2 weeks. The predetermined primary endpoint was the intratumoral change in the expression of CTL marker, CD8α, in the post-CKM versus pre-CKM tumor biopsies. Patients received follow-up pembrolizumab (200 mg, intravenously, every 3 weeks), starting 3-8 days after completion of CKM. RESULTS: Post-CKM biopsies showed selectively increased CTL markers CD8α (average 10.2-fold, median 5.5-fold, p=0.034) and granzyme B (GZMB; 6.1-fold, median 5.8-fold, p=0.02), but not FOXP3 (Treg marker) relative to HPRT1 expression, resulting in the increases in average CD8α/FOXP3 ratio and GZMB/FOXP3 ratio. CKM increased intratumoral CTL-attractants CCL5 and CXCL10, but not Treg-attractants CCL22 or CXCL12. In contrast, CD8+ T cells and their CXCR3+ subset showed transient decreases in blood. One clinical response (breast tumor autoamputation) and three stable diseases were observed. The patient with clinical response remains disease free, with a follow-up of 46 months as of data cut-off. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term systemic CKM selectively increases CTL numbers and CTL/Treg ratios in the TME, while transiently decreasing CTL numbers in the blood. Transient effects of CKM suggest that its simultaneous application with checkpoint blockade and other forms of immunotherapy may be needed for optimal outcomes.

The p97/VCP segregase is essential for arsenic-induced degradation of PML and PML-RARA.

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia is caused by expression of the oncogenic Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML)-Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARA) fusion protein. Therapy with arsenic trioxide results in degradation of PML-RARA and PML and cures the disease. Modification of PML and PML-RARA with SUMO and ubiquitin precedes ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. To identify additional components of this pathway, we performed proteomics on PML bodies. This revealed that association of p97/VCP segregase with PML bodies is increased after arsenic treatment. Pharmacological inhibition of p97 altered the number, morphology, and size of PML bodies, accumulated SUMO and ubiquitin modified PML and blocked arsenic-induced degradation of PML-RARA and PML. p97 localized to PML bodies in response to arsenic, and siRNA-mediated depletion showed that p97 cofactors UFD1 and NPLOC4 were critical for PML degradation. Thus, the UFD1-NPLOC4-p97 segregase complex is required to extract poly-ubiquitinated, poly-SUMOylated PML from PML bodies, prior to degradation by the proteasome.

Clinicopathologic and sociodemographic factors associated with late relapse triple negative breast cancer in a multivariable logistic model: A multi-institution cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Most metastatic recurrences of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) occur within five years of diagnosis, yet late relapses of TNBC (lrTNBC) do occur. Our objective was to develop a risk prediction model of lrTNBC using readily available clinicopathologic and sociodemographic features. METHODS: We included patients diagnosed with stage I-III TNBC between 1998 and 2012 at ten academic cancer centers. lrTNBC was defined as relapse or mortality greater than 5 years from diagnosis. Features associated with lrTNBC were included in a multivariable logistic model using backward elimination with a p < 0.10 criterion, with a final multivariable model applied to training (70%) and independent validation (30%) cohorts. RESULTS: A total 2210 TNBC patients with at least five years follow-up and no relapse before 5 years were included. In final multivariable model, lrTNBC was significantly associated with higher stage at diagnosis (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] for stage III vs I, 10.9; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 7.5-15.9; p < 0.0001) and BMI (aOR for obese vs normal weight, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.8; p = 0.03). Final model performance was consistent between training (70%) and validation (30%) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: A risk prediction model incorporating stage, BMI, and age at diagnosis offers potential utility for identification of patients at risk of development of lrTNBC and warrants further investigation.

Real world outcomes with alpelisib in metastatic hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients: A single institution experience.

Background: It is critically important to study the real-world data of FDA-approved medications to understand the response rates and toxicities observed in the real-world population not represented in the clinical trials. Methods: We reviewed charts of patients diagnosed with metastatic, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative, PIK3CA-mutated breast cancer treated with alpelisib from May 2019 to January 2022. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected. The association of clinical characteristics with responses and adverse events (AEs) was evaluated using the logistic regression model. Results: 27 patients were included. Median age at alpelisib initiation 67 years (range: 44, 77 years). Majority of patients had excellent performance status at time of alpelisib initiation. Most patients had chronic comorbidities, notably; 2 patients had controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus at time of alpelisib initiation. Majority had a median of three lines of therapy (range: 1, 7) before alpelisib. Clinical responses were determined using RECIST v1.1. 3/27 (11.11%) patients discontinued therapy before response assessment due to grade 3 AEs. Overall response rate was 12.5% (3/24), with all partial responses (PR). The median duration of response was 5.77 months (range: 5.54, 8.98). 14/27 (51.9%) of patients required dose interruption/reduction. Overall, 23/27 (85.19%) patients discontinued alpelisib of which 11 (47.83%) discontinued alpelisib due to AEs. Median duration of treatment was 2 months in patients who had grade 3 AEs (range: <1.00, 8.30) and 6.28 (1.15, 10.43) in those who did not. Any grade AEs were reported in 24/27 (88.9%) patients, namely, hyperglycemia 16/27 (59.3%), nausea 11/27 (40.7%), diarrhea 10/27 (37.0%), fatigue 7/27 (25.9%) and rash 6/27 (22.2%). Grade 3 AEs were reported in 13/27 patients (50%), namely, hyperglycemia in 7/27 (53.8%) patients followed by skin rash 4/27 (30.8%), GI side effects 3/27 (23.1%). Those with progressive disease as best response to alpelisib, had more non-metabolic comorbidities, higher number of liver metastases, PIK3CA E545K mutations, and shorter duration on therapy compared to those with PR and stable disease. Conclusion: Patients should be counseled about the toxicity and modest benefit observed with alpelisib in real-world clinical practice when used in later lines of therapy.

Lack of racial differences in clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a single academic center study.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between race and clinical outcomes (pathological complete response [pCR]; recurrence-free survival [RFS], and overall survival [OS]) in patients diagnosed with triple-negative (TNBC) or HER2-positive breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS: Patients who self-identified as non-Hispanic white (NHW) or non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and were diagnosed with Stage I-III TNBC (n = 171 including 124 NHW and 47 NHB) and HER2-positive (n = 161 including 136 NHW and 25 NHB) breast cancer who received NAC from 2000 to 2018 at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center were included. Associations of race with pCR and survival outcomes were evaluated using logistic and Cox regression models, respectively. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in pCR between NHB and NHW patients with TNBC (31.9 vs 29.8%; OR: 1.11, 95% CI 0.54-2.29) or HER2-positive breast cancer (36.0 vs 39.7%; OR: 0.87, 95% CI 0.36-3.11). After controlling for potential confounders, including age, stage, treatment regimens, insurance status, and comorbidities, no statistically significant difference in OS or RFS was observed between NHB and NHW patients within either subtype. CONCLUSION: TNBC or HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated at a single academic center in Buffalo, NY, showed similar outcomes independent of patients' race. Given the known genetic diversity of African American ancestry in the US, further studies investigating the interplay between race, geography, and clinical outcomes are warranted.

In vitro prediction of clinical signs of respiratory toxicity in rats following inhalation exposure.

To date there are no OECD validated alternative approaches to study toxicity following inhalation exposure to airborne chemicals. The available OECD test guidelines for acute inhalation toxicity aim to estimate a value of the lethal air concentration of the test chemical leading to the death of 50% of the exposed animals (LC50), to satisfy hazard classification and labelling requirements. This paper explores the view that alternative approaches must compare to outcomes of existing guideline methods to become accepted and implemented in a regulatory context. This case study describes the initiatives taken to validate the lung surfactant bioassay, an in vitro cell-free method, and discusses the challenges faced. While the lung surfactant bioassay could not predict the GHS classification for acute inhalation toxicity of 26 chemicals, the assay successfully predicted the clinical signs of respiratory toxicity observed during or shortly after exposure in vivo as reported in registration dossiers. The lung surfactant bioassay is a promising alternative approach to assess the potential of chemicals to cause changes to respiration remaining after exposure (indicating decreased lung function), and can be combined with other test methods in an integrated approach to testing and assessment of inhaled substances.

E2112: Randomized Phase III Trial of Endocrine Therapy Plus Entinostat or Placebo in Hormone Receptor-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. A Trial of the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group.

PURPOSE: Endocrine therapy resistance in advanced breast cancer remains a significant clinical problem that may be overcome with the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors such as entinostat. The ENCORE301 phase II study reported improvement in progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with the addition of entinostat to the steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) exemestane in advanced hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: E2112 is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study that enrolled men or women with advanced HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer whose disease progressed after nonsteroidal AI. Participants were randomly assigned to exemestane 25 mg by mouth once daily and entinostat (EE) or placebo (EP) 5 mg by mouth once weekly. Primary end points were PFS by central review and OS. Secondary end points included safety, objective response rate, and lysine acetylation change in peripheral blood mononuclear cells between baseline and cycle 1 day 15. RESULTS: Six hundred eight patients were randomly assigned during March 2014-October 2018. Median age was 63 years (range 29-91), 60% had visceral disease, and 84% had progressed after nonsteroidal AI in metastatic setting. Previous treatments included chemotherapy (60%), fulvestrant (30%), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (35%). Most common grade 3 and 4 adverse events in the EE arm included neutropenia (20%), hypophosphatemia (14%), anemia (8%), leukopenia (6%), fatigue (4%), diarrhea (4%), and thrombocytopenia (3%). Median PFS was 3.3 months (EE) versus 3.1 months (EP; hazard ratio = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.13; P = .30). Median OS was 23.4 months (EE) versus 21.7 months (EP; hazard ratio = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.21; P = .94). Objective response rate was 5.8% (EE) and 5.6% (EP). Pharmacodynamic analysis confirmed target inhibition in entinostat-treated patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of exemestane and entinostat did not improve survival in AI-resistant advanced HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer.

CBR3 V244M is associated with LVEF reduction in breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin.

BACKGROUND: The CBR3 V244M single nucleotide polymorphism has been linked to the risk of anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in survivors of childhood cancer. There have been limited prospective studies examining the impact of CBR3 V244M on the risk for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in adult cohorts. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the presence of associations between CBR3 V244M genotype status and changes in echocardiographic parameters in breast cancer patients undergoing doxorubicin treatment. METHODS: We recruited 155 patients with breast cancer receiving treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) at Roswell Park Comprehensive Care Center (Buffalo, NY) to a prospective single arm observational pharmacogenetic study. Patients were genotyped for the CBR3 V244M variant. 92 patients received an echocardiogram at baseline (t0 month) and at 6 months (t6 months) of follow up after DOX treatment. Apical two-chamber and four-chamber echocardiographic images were used to calculate volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using Simpson's biplane rule by investigators blinded to all patient data. Volumetric indices were evaluated by normalizing the cardiac volumes to the body surface area (BSA). RESULTS: Breast cancer patients with CBR3 GG and AG genotypes both experienced a statistically significant reduction in LVEF at 6 months following initiation of DOX treatment for breast cancer compared with their pre-DOX baseline study. Patients homozygous for the CBR3 V244M G allele (CBR3 V244) exhibited a further statistically significant decrease in LVEF at 6 months following DOX therapy in comparison with patients with heterozygous AG genotype. We found no differences in age, pre-existing cardiac diseases associated with myocardial injury, cumulative DOX dose, or concurrent use of cardioprotective medication between CBR3 genotype groups. CONCLUSIONS: CBR3 V244M genotype status is associated with changes in echocardiographic parameters suggestive of early anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in subjects undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.

Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Rapid Relapse in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Multi-Institution Study.

BACKGROUND: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for disproportionately poor outcomes in breast cancer, driven by a subset of rapid-relapse TNBC (rrTNBC) with marked chemoresistance, rapid metastatic spread, and poor survival. Our objective was to evaluate clinicopathologic and sociodemographic features associated with rrTNBC. METHODS: We included patients diagnosed with stage I-III TNBC in 1996 through 2012 who received chemotherapy at 1 of 10 academic cancer centers. rrTNBC was defined as a distant metastatic recurrence event or death ≤24 months after diagnosis. Features associated with rrTNBC were included in a multivariable logistic model upon which backward elimination was performed with a P<.10 criterion, with a final multivariable model applied to training (70%) and independent validation (30%) cohorts. RESULTS: Among all patients with breast cancer treated at these centers, 3,016 fit the inclusion criteria. Training cohort (n=2,112) bivariable analyses identified disease stage, insurance type, age, body mass index, race, and income as being associated with rrTNBC (P<.10). In the final multivariable model, rrTNBC was significantly associated with higher disease stage (adjusted odds ratio for stage III vs I, 16.0; 95% CI, 9.8-26.2; P<.0001), Medicaid/indigent insurance, lower income (by 2000 US Census tract), and younger age at diagnosis. Model performance was consistent between the training and validation cohorts. In sensitivity analyses, insurance type, low income, and young age were associated with rrTNBC among patients with stage I/II but not stage III disease. When comparing rrTNBC versus late relapse (>24 months), we found that insurance type and young age remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Timing of relapse in TNBC is associated with stage of disease and distinct sociodemographic features, including insurance type, income, and age at diagnosis.

Oxygen intercalation in PVD graphene grown on copper substrates: A decoupling approach.

We investigate the intercalation process of oxygen in-between a PVD-grown graphene layer and different copper substrates as a methodology for reducing the substrate-layer interaction. This growth method leads to an extended defect-free graphene layer that strongly couples with the substrate. We have found, by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, that after oxygen exposure at different temperatures, ranging from 280 °C to 550 °C, oxygen intercalates at the interface of graphene grown on Cu foil at an optimal temperature of 500 °C. The low energy electron diffraction technique confirms the adsorption of an atomic oxygen adlayer on top of the Cu surface and below graphene after oxygen exposure at elevated temperature, but no oxidation of the substrate is induced. The emergence of the 2D Raman peak, quenched by the large interaction with the substrate, reveals that the intercalation process induces a structural undoing. As suggested by atomic force microscopy, the oxygen intercalation does not change significantly the surface morphology. Moreover, theoretical simulations provide further insights into the electronic and structural undoing process. This protocol opens the door to an efficient methodology to weaken the graphene-substrate interaction for a more efficient transfer to arbitrary surfaces.

Functional 3D architecture in an intrinsically disordered E3 ligase domain facilitates ubiquitin transfer.

The human genome contains an estimated 600 ubiquitin E3 ligases, many of which are single-subunit E3s (ssE3s) that can bind to both substrate and ubiquitin-loaded E2 (E2~Ub). Within ssE3s structural disorder tends to be located in substrate binding and domain linking regions. RNF4 is a ssE3 ligase with a C-terminal RING domain and disordered N-terminal region containing SUMO Interactions Motifs (SIMs) required to bind SUMO modified substrates. Here we show that, although the N-terminal region of RNF4 bears no secondary structure, it maintains a compact global architecture primed for SUMO interaction. Segregated charged regions within the RNF4 N-terminus promote compaction, juxtaposing RING domain and SIMs to facilitate substrate ubiquitination. Mutations that induce a more extended shape reduce ubiquitination activity. Our result offer insight into a key step in substrate ubiquitination by a member of the largest ubiquitin ligase subtype and reveal how a defined architecture within a disordered region contributes to E3 ligase function.

Outcome of Everolimus-Based Therapy in Hormone-Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients After Progression on Palbociclib.

BACKGROUND: Despite the approval of mTOR inhibitor everolimus and CDK4/6 inhibitors in the management of hormone-receptor-positive HER2 non-amplified metastatic breast cancer (HR+ HER2-MBC), the optimal sequence of therapy is unclear. There are no clinical data on efficacy of everolimus in HR+ HER2-MBC after cancer progresses on CDK4/6 inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to find the efficacy of everolimus in HR+ HER2-MBC after they progress on a CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. METHODS: This is a retrospective, 2-institute review of HR+ HER2-MBC from Jan 2015 to March 2018 treated with everolimus after progression on palbociclib. Primary end point was median progression-free survival (PFS), secondary end points objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit ratio (CBR), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Out of 41 women with median age 61 years (33, 87) enrolled, 66% had received adjuvant systemic therapy, 61% had visceral disease, and 95% had prior nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. About 83% women had 3 or more chemotherapy or hormonal therapies prior to everolimus. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed a median PFS of 4.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.2-6.2). The median OS was 18.7 months (95% CI 9.5 to not reached). Objective response rate and CBR were both 17.1%. CONCLUSION: Everolimus was associated with modest PFS and ORR in HR+ HER2-MBCs postprogression on palbociclib.

Testicular Cancer, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon and accounts for <1% of all male tumors. However, it is the most common solid tumor in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years, and the global incidence has been steadily rising over the past several decades. Several risk factors for testicular cancer have been identified, including personal or family history of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism. Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) comprise 95% of malignant tumors arising in the testes and are categorized into 2 main histologic subtypes: seminoma and nonseminoma. Although nonseminoma is the more clinically aggressive tumor subtype, 5-year survival rates exceed 70% with current treatment options, even in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for most patients with testicular GCTs. Postorchiectomy management is dictated by stage, histology, and risk classification; treatment options for nonseminoma include surveillance, systemic therapy, and nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Although rarely occurring, prognosis for patients with brain metastases remains poor, with >50% of patients dying within 1 year of diagnosis. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Testicular Cancer focuses on recommendations for the management of adult patients with nonseminomatous GCTs.

Sumoylation regulates protein dynamics during meiotic chromosome segregation in C. elegans oocytes.

Oocyte meiotic spindles in most species lack centrosomes and the mechanisms that underlie faithful chromosome segregation in acentrosomal meiotic spindles are not well understood. In C. elegans oocytes, spindle microtubules exert a poleward force on chromosomes that is dependent on the microtubule-stabilising protein CLS-2, the orthologue of the mammalian CLASP proteins. The checkpoint kinase BUB-1 and CLS-2 localise in the central spindle and display a dynamic localisation pattern throughout anaphase, but the signals regulating their anaphase-specific localisation remains unknown. We have shown previously that SUMO regulates BUB-1 localisation during metaphase I. Here, we found that SUMO modification of BUB-1 is regulated by the SUMO E3 ligase GEI-17 and the SUMO protease ULP-1. SUMO and GEI-17 are required for BUB-1 localisation between segregating chromosomes during early anaphase I. We also show that CLS-2 is subject to SUMO-mediated regulation; CLS-2 precociously localises in the midbivalent when either SUMO or GEI-17 are depleted. Overall, we provide evidence for a novel, SUMO-mediated control of protein dynamics during early anaphase I in oocytes.

Interspecies assessment factors and skin sensitization risk assessment.

For many endpoints in toxicology, an interspecies safety factor remains a standard requirement. However, for skin sensitization, the hazard and potency predictions, notably from the local lymph node assay (LLNA) have been shown to correlate well with human data. Despite this, there are always exceptions, both over and under predictions. For this reason it has been suggested that an interspecies factor of 15 would accommodate potential "errors". An alternative approach is suggested in which an evidence-based strategy is taken: the large majority of the information indicates a human:LLNA ratio of 1, therefore a corrective factor would best be applied where our knowledge of the underlying chemistry of sensitization indicates that it is necessary.

Precisely controlled fabrication, manipulation and in-situ analysis of Cu based nanoparticles.

The increasing demand for nanostructured materials is mainly motivated by their key role in a wide variety of technologically relevant fields such as biomedicine, green sustainable energy or catalysis. We have succeeded to scale-up a type of gas aggregation source, called a multiple ion cluster source, for the generation of complex, ultra-pure nanoparticles made of different materials. The high production rates achieved (tens of g/day) for this kind of gas aggregation sources, and the inherent ability to control the structure of the nanoparticles in a controlled environment, make this equipment appealing for industrial purposes, a highly coveted aspect since the introduction of this type of sources. Furthermore, our innovative UHV experimental station also includes in-flight manipulation and processing capabilities by annealing, acceleration, or interaction with background gases along with in-situ characterization of the clusters and nanoparticles fabricated. As an example to demonstrate some of the capabilities of this new equipment, herein we present the fabrication of copper nanoparticles and their processing, including the controlled oxidation (from Cu0 to CuO through Cu2O, and their mixtures) at different stages in the machine.

The rate of telomere loss is related to maximum lifespan in birds.

Telomeres are highly conserved regions of DNA that protect the ends of linear chromosomes. The loss of telomeres can signal an irreversible change to a cell's state, including cellular senescence. Senescent cells no longer divide and can damage nearby healthy cells, thus potentially placing them at the crossroads of cancer and ageing. While the epidemiology, cellular and molecular biology of telomeres are well studied, a newer field exploring telomere biology in the context of ecology and evolution is just emerging. With work to date focusing on how telomere shortening relates to individual mortality, less is known about how telomeres relate to ageing rates across species. Here, we investigated telomere length in cross-sectional samples from 19 bird species to determine how rates of telomere loss relate to interspecific variation in maximum lifespan. We found that bird species with longer lifespans lose fewer telomeric repeats each year compared with species with shorter lifespans. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the rate of telomere loss is evolutionarily conserved within bird families. This suggests that the physiological causes of telomere shortening, or the ability to maintain telomeres, are features that may be responsible for, or co-evolved with, different lifespans observed across species.This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics'.

Defining sepsis on the wards: results of a multi-centre point-prevalence study comparing two sepsis definitions.

Our aim was to prospectively determine the predictive capabilities of SEPSIS-1 and SEPSIS-3 definitions in the emergency departments and general wards. Patients with National Early Warning Score (NEWS) of 3 or above and suspected or proven infection were enrolled over a 24-h period in 13 Welsh hospitals. The primary outcome measure was mortality within 30 days. Out of the 5422 patients screened, 431 fulfilled inclusion criteria and 380 (88%) were recruited. Using the SEPSIS-1 definition, 212 patients had sepsis. When using the SEPSIS-3 definitions with Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score ≥ 2, there were 272 septic patients, whereas with quickSOFA score ≥ 2, 50 patients were identified. For the prediction of primary outcome, SEPSIS-1 criteria had a sensitivity (95%CI) of 65% (54-75%) and specificity of 47% (41-53%); SEPSIS-3 criteria had a sensitivity of 86% (76-92%) and specificity of 32% (27-38%). SEPSIS-3 and SEPSIS-1 definitions were associated with a hazard ratio (95%CI) 2.7 (1.5-5.6) and 1.6 (1.3-2.5), respectively. Scoring system discrimination evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves was highest for Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (0.69 (95%CI 0.63-0.76)), followed by NEWS (0.58 (0.51-0.66)) (p < 0.001). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (0.55 (0.49-0.61)) and quickSOFA score (0.56 (0.49-0.64)) could not predict outcome. The SEPSIS-3 definition identified patients with the highest risk. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and NEWS were better predictors of poor outcome. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score appeared to be the best tool for identifying patients with high risk of death and sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.

Inspiring Change: a report on acute non-invasive ventilation.

The British Thoracic Society audit of non-invasive ventilation has shown that mortality rates are higher than expected and increasing. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death undertook a detailed analysis of data from 432 patients treated with acute non-invasive ventilation to identify how clinical aspects of non-invasive ventilation treatment could be improved. The study 'Inspiring Change' was published in July 2017. This review summarizes some of the important findings and associated recommendations that will improve treatment of patients and help to reduce mortality rates.