Photodynamic diagnosis of parathyroid glands with nano-stealth aminolevulinic acid liposomes.

Background The use of ALA to identify the parathyroid glands had been investigated both experimentally and clinically with promising results but the side effects from the systemic use of this photosensitizer reduce its widespread in clinical use. The aim of this study is to test the formulation of ALA in nano-stealth liposomes for better photodiagnosis of parathyroid glands intraoperatively with less ALA dose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Preparation of ALA nanovesicles and in vitro characterization for the drug encapsulation percentage, vesicle size and Zeta potential then the study of nanovesicles stability and in vitro drug release profile was done. The study compared nano-stealth liposomes and nano-liposomes with the free ALA solution, intraperitoneal administration of these different ALA formulations in rats and observing the ability to identify parathyroids intraoperatively and evaluation of fluorescence differences between these groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stealth liposomes were insignificantly higher in drug encapsulation%, in vitro drug release and zeta potential compared to conventional liposomes. Additionally, they needed less time for the start of the photosensitization and recorded the highest signal after spectrometry compared to the other two preparations. These data provide a new evidence of the potentiality of ALA-stealth Liposomes for identification of PTGs intraoperatively and could lead to propose a non-invasive procedure with reduced postoperative side effects.

Propranolol treatment of infantile hemangioma: clinical and radiologic evaluations.

BACKGROUND: There is no way to predict the size that proliferative infantile hemangiomas (IHs) can reach and to expect the occurrence of complications. Moreover, there are no well-known characteristics that can affect the rate of involution of IHs and to predict its completion. Accordingly, intervention is frequently indicated. Different modalities have been reported for treatment of IHs. The possible mechanisms of action of propranolol on IHs are complex. METHODS: Fifty infants presented with 80 IHs treated by oral propranolol at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight per day. Treatment outcomes were clinically and radiologically evaluated. RESULTS: The first noticeable effects on propranolol treatment were the changes in color and softening of IHs, followed by regression of their sizes. The clinically elicited color changes of superficial IHs and superficial components of compound IHs have been objectively proven by statistically significant color clearance (P ≤ .001) and resisting index (P ≤ .01) (∼50% increase) as a good indicator of lower vascular activity within IHs. Moreover, the softening of lesions followed by the clinically elicited regression of sizes of deep IHs and deep components of compound IHs has been objectively proven by statistically significant changes at lesions' thickness (P ≤ .01) (∼50% regression) and resisting index (P ≤ .01) (∼50% increase). CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, high efficacy and tolerance of propranolol treatment have been elicited. However, propranolol treatment of IHs is still an issue suitable for more studies to confirm the safety and efficacy of the drug and to investigate whether there are some hemangiomas that are, perhaps, nonresponsive to propranolol treatment.

Cyclin D1 gene amplification in proliferating haemangioma.

Cyclin D1 gene amplification has been reported to promote abnormal endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis; these findings constantly present in proliferating haemangiomas. The present study was conducted to evaluate cyclin D1 gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in tissue biopsies of 22 proliferating haemangiomas from 20 infants. Two significant correlations of cyclin D1 gene amplification with the early onset and the duplication of proliferating haemangiomas have been observed. Moreover, a significant correlation (P< or =0.05) has been found between the treatment parameters of proliferating haemangiomas with the amplified versus the normal cyclin D1 gene. Proliferating haemangiomas with the amplified cyclin D1 gene required more frequent flashlamp pulsed dye laser treatment sessions at the maximum dosimetry and more frequent intralesional steroid injections at the maximum dose/injection but treatment outcomes were limited. The more frequent post-treatment complications among proliferating haemangiomas with cyclin D1 gene amplification might be attributable not only to the associated more aggressive natural course, but also to the higher treatment parameters needed for effective treatment. Within the limitations of the present study, cyclin D1 gene amplification was seen for the first time in proliferating haemangiomas. We have found that the amplification of the cyclin D1 gene can predict the more aggressive natural course of proliferating haemangiomas and the limited outcome and higher incidence of complications after non-excision treatment modalities. The present findings reflect the possible usefulness of antisense cyclin D1 to improve the therapeutic outcome of proliferating haemangiomas.

Role of Nd:YAG laser for prevention of neuroma formation: an in vivo experimental study.

Nerve transection is commonly followed by the development of neuroma at the proximal stump. It can be very painful especially at exposed sites. It may arise spontaneously or after mechanical irritation. Neuroma and its high recurrence rate might be resisting problems to treat. Various treatment modalities for neuroma and its recurrence have been proposed, but none has provided satisfactory results. The present study was conducted to evaluate the neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (1,064 nm) nerve transection technique for prevention of neuroma formation. There were 48 facial nerves out of 24 Rex rabbits divided into two equal groups. The 24 left-sided facial nerves at group A were subjected to Nd:YAG laser for nerve transection, while the 24 right-sided facial nerves at group B were subjected to scalpel nerve transection. The results were grossly and histopathologically evaluated. Grossly, laser-transected nerves showed an infrequent incidence of neuroma formation. Histopathologically, laser-transected nerves showed photothermal degenerative changes of the axons and myelin sheaths with intact perineurium and endoneurium. No Schwann cell hyperactivity could also be elicited among laser-transected nerves. Nd:YAG laser was found to be an effective tool that could be applied, whenever it is possible, for division of major nerves to prevent the formation of the subsequent stump neuroma. Moreover, this technique should be considered during treatment of well-established neuroma to prevent the challenging reported high incidence of recurrence.

Non-excision treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas by laser photocoagulation.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by skin tumours derived from peripheral nerves. It is a clinically diagnosed disorder of a mainly cosmetic concern. There are different excision modalities for treatment of cutaneous neurofibromas; however, none is considered to be universally accepted treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate a non-excision treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas, using surface and interstitial approaches of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (1,064 nm) photocoagulation, depending upon the size and location of the lesions. Twelve patients with multiple cutaneous neurofibromas were included. Surface laser photocoagulation by long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been used for treatment of flat lesions, while interstitial laser photocoagulation by continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser has been used for treatment of bulkier lesions. After 14 months of follow up, both approaches of laser photocoagulation have shown different success rates, as denoted by the regression of the lesions, an overall acceptable cosmetic outcome, and, generally, patients' satisfaction. Within the limitations of the present study, laser photocoagulation has proven to be a promising technique that may be an alternative or additive modality for treatment of multiple cutaneous neurofibromas. It is a minimally invasive, office-based technique that could be used safely and effectively, with a limited rate of complications. Surface laser photocoagulation has proven to be an effective tool for treatment of flat lesions, especially those located in exposed areas, with a favourable cosmetic result, while interstitial laser photocoagulation could be reserved for bulkier lesions, especially those located in non-exposed areas. However, further studies are necessary to refine the procedure, and to confirm the present encouraging findings, especially over a longer period of follow up, as well as to evaluate laser parameters for optimization of the technique.

Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by low-level laser versus open carpal tunnel release.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve at the wrist. It is one of the most common peripheral nerve disorders. The cause of idiopathic CTS remains unclear. The diagnosis of CTS is still mainly clinical. Open carpal tunnel release is the standard treatment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of low level laser treatment (LLLT) for CTS in comparison to the standard open carpal tunnel release surgery. Out of 54 patients, 60 symptomatic hands complaining of CTS were divided into two equal groups. Group A, was subjected to LLLT by Helium Neon (He-Ne) laser (632.8 nm), whereas group B was treated by the open approach for carpal tunnel release. The patients were evaluated clinically and by nerve conduction studies (NCSs) about 6 months after the treatment. LLLT showed overall significant results but at a lower level in relation to surgery. LLLT showed significant outcomes in all parameters of subjective complaints (p < or = 0.01) except for muscle weakness. Moreover, LLLT showed significant results in all parameters of objective findings (p < or = 0.01) except for thenar atrophy. However, NCSs expressed the same statistical significance (p < or = 0.01) after the treatment by both modalities. LLLT has proven to be an effective and noninvasive treatment modality for CTS especially for early and mild-to-moderate cases when pain is the main presenting symptom. However, surgery could be preserved for advanced and chronic cases. Refinement of laser tools and introduction of other wavelengths could make LLLT for CTS treatment a field for further investigations.

An in-vivo experimental evaluation of He-Ne laser photostimulation in healing Achilles tendons.

There is no method of treatment that has been proven to accelerate the rate of tendon healing or to improve the quality of the regenerating tendon. Low level laser photostimulation has gained a considerable attention for enhancing tissue repair in a wide spectrum of applications. However, there is controversy regarding the effectiveness of laser photostimulation for improvement of the healing process of surgically repaired tendons. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to evaluate the role of helium-neon (He-Ne) laser photostimulation on the process of healing of surgically repaired Achilles tendons. Thirty unilateral Achilles tendons of 30 Raex rabbits were transected and immediately repaired. Operated Achilles tendons were randomly divided into two equal groups. Tendons at group A were subjected to He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) photostimulation, while tendons at group B served as a control group. Two weeks later, the repaired Achilles tendons were histopathologically and biomechanically evaluated. The histopathological findings suggest the favorable qualitative pattern of the newly synthesized collagen of the regenerating tendons after He-Ne laser photostimulation. The biomechanical results support the same favorable findings from the functional point of view as denoted by the better biomechanical properties of the regenerating tendons after He-Ne laser photostimulation with statistical significance (p