Challenges of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter ablation in patients with pectus excavatum.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be associated with chest wall abnormalities such as pectus excavatum (PE). Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has proven to be a useful strategy for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of AF. However, the presence of chest wall abnormalities, such as pectus excavatum, imposes certain challenges during ablation due to the anatomic distortion that it causes. We highlight these challenges during ablation in this three-patient case series.