Bergmann's rule is followed at multiple stages of postembryonic development in a long-distance migratory songbird.

Bergmann's rule is a well-established, ecogeographical principle that states that body size varies positively with latitude, reflecting the thermoregulatory benefits of larger bodies as temperatures decline. However, this principle does not seem to easily apply to migratory species that are able to avoid the extreme temperatures during winter at higher latitudes. Further, little is known about the ontogeny of this relationship across life stages or how it is influenced by ongoing global climate change. To address these knowledge gaps, we assessed the contemporary relationship between latitude and body size in a long-distance migratory species, the prothonotary warbler (Protonotaria citrea) across life stages (egg to adult) on their breeding grounds. We also measured historic eggs (1865-1961) to assess if the relationship between latitude and size during this life stage has changed over time. In accordance with Bergmann's rule, we found a positive relationship between latitude and body mass during all post-embryonic life stages, from early nestling stage through adulthood. We observed this same predicted pattern with historic eggs, but contemporary eggs exhibited the reverse (negative) relationship. We suggest that these results indicate a genetic component to this pattern and speculate that selection for larger body size in altricial nestlings as latitude increases may possibly drive the pattern in migratory species as even rare extreme cold weather events may cause mortality during early life stages. Furthermore, the opposite relationships observed in eggs, dependent on time period, may be related to the rapidly warming environments of higher latitudes that is associated with climate change. Although it is unclear what mechanism(s) would allow for this recent reversal in eggs (but still allow for its maintenance in later life stages). This evidence of a reversal suggests that anthropogenic climate change may be in the process of altering one of the longest-standing principles in ecology.

Analysis of potential contamination factors in musculoskeletal tissues.

Tissue Banks have become the main source for bone grafts, due to preference for homologous tissues. Notwithstanding the use of aseptic techniques for procurement of tissues and judicious selection of donors, microorganisms are frequently found in procured bones. Purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors that increase safety of procurement and minimize discard of procured tissues. Microbiological contamination was analyzed in 1271 musculoskeletal tissues removed from 138 multi-organ donors over a period extending from 2006 to 2016. Effects of various risk factors related with contamination were estimated using a logistic regression model. Microbiological contamination rate in the tissues was 17.1%; low pathogenic microorganisms were cultivated in 12.9% of the tissues, while highly pathogenic ones were cultivated in 4.2% of the tissues. Evolution of one single team was monitored during that period, verifying a fall in the general contamination level from 22.5 to 9.2%. Absence of antibiotics increased low pathogenic contamination risk. Every additional day in intensive care unit (ICU) increased the risk of highly pathogenic contamination. Time elapsed between death and the beginning of removal procedures was found to be relevant for both low pathogenic and highly pathogenic microorganisms. Among the studied factors, the following contributed for a significant increase in contamination by microorganisms in removed tissues: lack of use of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in donors, quantity of removed tissues, length of admission in ICU and the time elapsed between aortic clamping and beginning of the removal procedure.

Prevalence and risk factors for intra-operative periprosthetic fractures in one thousand eight hundred and seventy two patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency and type of intra-operative periprosthetic fractures and to describe risk factors in a single tertiary, public hospital, so that these events could be prevented, even among less experienced surgeons. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study, based on medical records and imaging exams from the archives of a public, tertiary hospital, from April 1998 to October 2013. All consecutive patients submitted to total hip arthroplasty (THA) in the study period were evaluated, excluding unipolar or bipolar arthroplasty, surgery for the osteosynthesis of periprosthetic fractures, surgical procedure to clean infection site without component substitution and not arthroplastic surgery. Data were analyzed with chi-squared test and multivariate Cox regression. RESULTS: In the study period, 1,872 THA (1,728 patients) were performed and analyzed, with 144 bilateral cases. In 173 cases, patients had undergone surgical procedures other than THA previously, and in only 260 the surgery consisted of revision THA. There were only two cases of resection THA. Among all patients 101 intra-operative periprosthetic fractures occurred. The univariate analysis revealed a significantly higher risk of intra-operative fractures in female patients, aged more than 65 years, with indication of primary THA and the presence of a previous hip surgery. It indicated also that revision surgeries were associated with a 2.8-fold higher risk of intra-operative fracture, 2.18-fold risk in a previously operated hip and 3.9-fold in cases of resection THA or revision surgery in two stages. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative periprosthetic fracture is a rare event, and it is associated with revision type surgery and THA in a previously operated hip.

Surgical technique: Endoscopic gluteus maximus tendon release for external snapping hip syndrome.

BACKGROUND: While many authors have recommended surgery for patients with persistent symptoms of external snapping hip, it is unclear which one best relieves symptoms. Concerns with iliotibial band (ITB)-modifying techniques include altering the shape of the lateral thigh and overload of the contralateral abduction mechanism. We describe a new endoscopic technique that decreases the tension of the ITB complex by releasing the femoral insertion of the gluteus maximus tendon (GMT). DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUE: Via an endoscopic approach, we tenotomize the GMT near its insertion at the linea aspera through two trochanteric portals, developing a space beneath the ITB. METHODS: We reviewed eight patients (nine hips) with external snapping hip nonresponsive to nonoperative treatment treated by endoscopic GMT release. There were seven women (one bilateral) and one man, with a mean ± SD age of 35 ± 13.1 years (range, 18-55 years). Mean symptom duration was 36 ± 20.3 months (range, 16-84 months). Minimum followup was 22 months (mean, 32 ± 9.3 months; range, 22-45 months). RESULTS: Snapping and pain resolved in seven patients after the initial procedure. We performed one revision procedure with complete relief of symptoms. All eight patients returned to their previous level of activity. Average modified Harris hip score was 61 points (range, 45-70 points) preoperatively and 78 points (range, 62-93 points) at latest followup. We observed no neurovascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our small series suggests endoscopic release of the GMT resolves pain and snapping symptoms in most patients.

Genetic correlations and the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement within a local population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii.

The genetic relationship between the daily circadian clock and the seasonal photoperiodic timer remains a subject of intense controversy. In Wyeomyia smithii, the critical photoperiod (an overt expression of the photoperiodic timer) evolves independently of the rhythmic response to the Nanda-Hamner protocol (an overt expression of the daily circadian clock) over a wide geographical range in North America. Herein, we focus on these two processes within a single local population in which there is a negative genetic correlation between them. We show that antagonistic selection against this genetic correlation rapidly breaks it down and, in fact, reverses its sign, showing that the genetic correlation is due primarily to linkage and not to pleiotropy. This rapid reversal of the genetic correlation within a small, single population means that it is difficult to argue that circadian rhythmicity forms the necessary, causal basis for the adaptive divergence of photoperiodic time measurement within populations or for the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement among populations over a broad geographical gradient of seasonal selection.

Oral bacteria induce a differential activation of human immunodeficiency virus-1 promoter in T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.

INTRODUCTION: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can integrate into T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells resulting in a latent infection. Reports have also demonstrated that various microbial and host cell factors can trigger HIV reactivation leading to HIV recrudescence, potentially undermining highly active antiretroviral therapies. METHODS: This study evaluated the capacity of oral bacteria associated with chronic periodontal infections to stimulate HIV promoter activation in various cell models of HIV latency. RESULTS: T cells (1G5) challenged with oral bacteria demonstrated a dose-response of HIV promoter activation with a subset of the bacteria, as well as kinetics that were generally similar irrespective of the stimuli. Direct bacterial challenge of the T cells resulted in increased activation of approximately 1.5- to 7-fold over controls. Challenge of macrophages (BF24) indicated different kinetics for individual bacteria and resulted in consistent increases in promoter activation of five fold to six fold over basal levels for all bacteria except Streptococcus mutans. Dendritic cells showed increases in HIV reactivation of 7- to 34-fold specific for individual species of bacteria. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that oral bacteria have the capability to reactivate HIV from latently infected cells, showing a relationship of mature dendritic cells > immature dendritic cells > macrophages > or = T cells. Expression of various pattern recognition receptors on these various cell types may provide insight into the primary receptors/signaling pathways used for reactivation by the bacteria.

Tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular / Arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement

OBJETIVOS: O propósito deste estudo é avaliar os resultados em curto prazo do tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular. A hipótese é a de que os resultados do tratamento artroscópico são favoráveis. MÉTODOS: Entre agosto de 2003 e agosto de 2007, 28 quadris foram submetidos ao tratamento do impacto femoroacetabular pela via artroscópica. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 34 anos, com média de seguimento de 27 meses. Quanto à melhora clínica, os pacientes foram avaliados pré e pósoperatoriamente pelo Harris Hip Score (HHS) modificado por Byrd. Os pacientes foram avaliados pré e pós-operatoriamente em relação à rotação interna do quadril acometido. Os valores obtidos nos índices acima foram analisados estatisticamente através do método de Wilcoxon para a avaliação de variáveis não paramétricas. RESULTADOS: O Harris Hip Score médio pré-operatório foi de 54,2 e o pós-operatório, de 94,8 (p < 0,001). O aumento médio do HHS foi de 37,5 pontos. Houve quatro resultados bons (15 por cento) e 24 excelentes (85 por cento). Pré-operatoriamente os pacientes apresentavam rotação interna do quadril média de 17º e pós-operatoriamente, de 36º. O aumento médio de rotação interna foi de 19º (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento artroscópico do impacto femoroacetabular tem resultados satisfatórios.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term follow-up results of arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Our hypothesis is that arthroscopic treatment results are favorable. METHODS: Between August 2003 and August 2007, 28 hips had femoroacetabular impingement treated by hip arthroscopy. The mean age was 34 years, with mean follow-up period of 27 months. Clinical results were graded with the modified Harris hip score, which was measured pre-and postoperatively. Patients had also their internal rotation analyzed. These parameters were calculated by using Wilcoxon's t test for analysis of nonparametric paired samples performed. RESULTS: The mean preoperative Harris Hip Score was 54.2, improving to 94.8 postoperatively (p<0,001). The mean increase was 37.5 points. We had 4 good results (15 percent) and 24 excellent results (85 percent). Preoperatively, the patients had a mean internal rotation of 17º, and, postoperatively, 36º. The average internal rotation increase was 19º (p<0,001). CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement presents satisfactory results.

Importância do diagnóstico da fratura subcondral da cabeça do fêmur, suas diferenças com a necrose avascular e seu tratamento / The importance of the diagnosis of subchondral fracture of the femoral head, how to differentiate it from avascular necrosis and how to treat it

A fratura subcondral da cabeça femoral é afecção pouco conhecida e, consequentemente, pouco diagnosticada. O quadro clínico de dor aguda ou insidiosa com piora progressiva na região inguinal, exacerbada com carga e com alívio em repouso, deve levar à suspeita diagnóstica. O erro comumente feito com o diagnóstico de necrose avascular da cabeça do fêmur pode induzir a indicação de procedimentos invasivos desnecessários no quadril. Com o advento da ressonância nuclear magnética, o diagnóstico dessa afecção pode ser realizado observando os diferentes padrões de edema medular na cabeça do fêmur, possibilitando o tratamento precoce correto.

Subchondral fracture of the femoral head is an uncommon and underdiagnosed affection. The abrupt or gradual onset of groin pain with functional disability on weight-bearing that improves with a resting period should alert the orthopedic surgeon to the possibility of this diagnosis. The differential diagnosis from osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be provided by assessing the different patterns of bone edema on MRI studies of the hip, thus avoiding unnecessary invasive operations on the hip.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUBCHONDRAL FRACTURE OF THE FEMORAL HEAD, HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM AVASCULAR NECROSIS AND HOW TO TREAT IT.

Subchondral fracture of the femoral head is an uncommon and underdiagnosed affection. The abrupt or gradual onset of groin pain with functional disability on weight-bearing that improves with a resting period should alert the orthopedic surgeon to the possibility of this diagnosis. The differential diagnosis from osteonecrosis of the femoral head can be provided by assessing the different patterns of bone edema on MRI studies of the hip, thus avoiding unnecessary invasive operations on the hip.

ARTHROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-term follow-up results of arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Our hypothesis is that arthroscopic treatment results are favorable. METHODS: Between August 2003 and August 2007, 28 hips had femoroacetabular impingement treated by hip arthroscopy. The mean age was 34 years, with mean follow-up period of 27 months. Clinical results were graded with the modified Harris hip score, which was measured pre- and postoperatively. Patients had also their internal rotation analyzed. These parameters were calculated by using Wilcoxon's t test for analysis of nonparametric paired samples performed. RESULTS: The mean preoperative Harris Hip Score was 54.2, improving to 94.8 postoperatively (p<0,001). The mean increase was 37.5 points. We had 4 good results (15%) and 24 excellent results (85%). Preoperatively, the patients had a mean internal rotation of 17°, and, postoperatively, 36°. The average internal rotation increase was 19° (p<0,001). CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic treatment of femoroacetabular impingement presents satisfactory results.

Sugioka's Modified Hungria-Kramer intertrochanteric osteotomy in the treatment of severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

From May 1990 to November 1997, 24 cases of severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis were treated by an osteotomy that is a modification of the Hungria-Kramer intertrochanteric osteotomy proposed by Sugioka (Hungria-Kramer-Sugioka osteotomy or HKS osteotomy). The degree of displacement as seen on the frog-leg lateral radiograph of the proximal femur was measured according to the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the epiphysis from the center line of the neck (Fish classification). All hips were considered as grade III and underwent HKS osteotomy. Sugioka's radiographic study (true AP view with the limb internally rotated until the patella is perpendicular to the x-ray beam, and lateral view with the hip in 90 degrees flexion and 45 degrees abduction) was performed before surgery to show that the real direction of the slip was posterior in relation to the neck. Clinical results were assessed according to Merle-D'Aubigné and Postel system modified by Charnley (hip score system that takes into consideration pain, gait, and joint motion). Roentgenographic results were considered good if none of the following was present: joint space decreased by more than 2 mm (chondrolysis), avascular necrosis of the femoral head, neck-shaft angle of less than 120 degrees, nonunion at the osteotomy site, and a epiphyseal plate still open. Follow-up varied from 31 to 120 months (average 65.1 months).

Wolbachia and genetic variability in the birdnest blowfly Protocalliphora sialia.

Wolbachia are widespread cytoplasmically inherited bacteria that induce various reproductive alterations in host arthropods, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), an incompatibility between sperm and egg that typically results in embryonic death. CI has been invoked as a possible mechanism for reproductive isolation and speciation in arthropods, by restricting gene flow and promoting maintenance (and evolution) of genetic divergence between populations. Here we investigate patterns of Wolbachia infection and nuclear and mitochondrial differentiation in geographical populations of the birdnest blowfly Protocalliphora sialia. Blowflies in western North America are infected with two A-group Wolbachia, with some individuals singly and others doubly infected. Individuals in eastern North America mostly show single infections with a B-group Wolbachia. Populations in the Midwest are polymorphic for infections and show A- or B-group infection. There is a low level of mitochondrial divergence and perfect concordance of mitochondrial haplotype with infection type, suggesting that two Wolbachia-associated selective sweeps of the mitochondrion have occurred in this species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of nuclear genetic variation shows genetic differentiation between the eastern-Midwestern and western populations. Both Midwestern and eastern flies infected with A-Wolbachia show eastern nuclear genetic profiles. Current results therefore suggest that Wolbachia has not acted as a major barrier to gene flow between western and eastern-Midwestern populations, although some genetic differentiation between A-Wolbachia infected and B-Wolbachia infected individuals in eastern-Midwestern populations cannot be ruled out.

Intravitreal injection of dispase causes retinal hemorrhages in rabbit and human eyes.

PURPOSE: To check the effects of intravitreally injected dispase in the vitreo-retinal region. METHODS: Dispase, 0.05 to 2.5 units dissolved in 100 microl of phosphate-buffered saline, was injected into the midvitreous of rabbits which were killed from 15 to 120 min afterwards. The enzyme was also injected into four human eyes of patients with orbital tumors 15 min before enucleation during orbital exenteration surgery. The eyes were examined in vivo as well as by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Hemorrhages were detected by fundus observations and confirmed by microscopical analysis in nearly all rabbits and in half of the human eyes. The red blood cells were observed in the vitreous and retina. Breaches in the inner limiting membrane were visualized in human eyes and ruptures of small blood vessels in rabbit eyes. In spite of that, vitreous detachment was not verified. In fact, the cortical-vitreous collagen-fibril network was conspicuous on scanning electron micrographs. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal hemorrhages were evident as early as 11 min after injection. It is suggested that this enzyme degraded selectively basement membrane components without affecting other proteins involved in the vitreous-retinal junction.

Synthesis of a muscarinic receptor antagonist via a diastereoselective Michael reaction, selective deoxyfluorination and aromatic metal-halogen exchange reaction.

An efficient synthesis of a structurally unique, novel M(3) antagonist 1 is described. Compound 1 is conveniently disconnected retrosynthetically at the amide bond to reveal the acid portion 2 and the amine fragment 3. The synthesis of key intermediate 2 is highlighted by a ZnCl(2)-MAEP complex 19 catalyzed diastereoselective Michael reaction of dioxolane 7 with 2-cyclopenten-1-one (5) to establish the contiguous quaternary-tertiary chiral centers and a subsequent geminal difluorination of ketone 17 using Deoxofluor in the presence of catalytic BF(3).OEt(2). The synthesis of the amine moiety 3 is highlighted by the discovery of a novel n-Bu(3)MgLi magnesium-halogen exchange reaction for selective functionalization of 2,6-dibromopyridine. This new and practical metalation protocol obviated cryogenic conditions and upon quenching with DMF gave 6-bromo-2-formylpyridine (26) in excellent yield. Further transformations afforded the amine fragment 3 via reductive amination with 35, Pd-catalyzed aromatic amination, and deprotection. Finally, the highly convergent synthesis of 1 was accomplished by coupling of the two fragments. This synthesis has been used to prepare multi-kilogram quantities of the bulk drug.

Tratamento das epifisiólises graves pela osteotomia intertrocanterica de Hungria-Kramer modificada por Sugioka / Intertrochanteric osteotomy for severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Os autores descrevem uma tecnica cirurgica que denominam osteotomia de Hungria e Kramer modificada por Sugioka (HKS). Apresentam os métodos radiogr ficos que permitem estudar a real posição da cabeça femoral nos escorregamentos graves. Acreditam no principio de que a maioria das epifisi¢lises apresenta desvio para posterior, sendo raros os casos associados com o desvio em varo. Analisam 24 quadris com epifisiolise grave, cronica ou cronica agudizada, operados com essa tecnica, encontrando, respectivamente, 83 por cento de resultados clinicos e radiogr ficos satisfatorios, com acompanhamento medio de 65 meses. Comparativamente a outros métodos operatorios, os resultados são considerados bons, com dois casos de condrolise, uma consolidação em varo, uma pseudartrose e nenhum caso de necrose

Artrodese de ombro / Shoulder arthrodesis

Entre março de 1990 e maio de 1999, 13 pacientes, totalizando 13 ombros, foram submetidos à artrodese de ombro com placa de compressäo dinâmica estreita moldada e enxerto ósseo esponjoso. A seqüela de lesäo do plexo braquial foi a causa mais freqüente de indicaçäo para a artrodese (quatro pacientes). Nove homens e quatro mulheres, com idade média de 41 anos e quatro meses, tiveram seguimento médio de 53 meses. Todos os pacientes com dor no pré-operatório tiveram alívio dos sintomas e a consolidaçäo ocorreu em todos os casos, em média aos quatro meses e 10 dias após a cirurgia. Sete pacientes conseguiam levar a mäo à cabeça e seis faziam higiene da axila oposta. Houve cinco complicaçöes em quatro pacientes, sem maiores conseqüências clínicas. A artrodese de ombro com placa de compressäo dinâmica é procedimento complexo, porém, quando indicada, dá excelentes resultados em relaçäo à consolidaçäo e satisfaçäo dos pacientes.

Síndrome de Íris Plateau: relato de 3 casos / Plateau Iris Syndrome: report of 3 cases

Objetivo: Relatar 3 casos de síndrome de íris plateau, um tipo incomun de glaucoma de ângulo fechado. Local: Departamento de Oftalmologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR). Métodos: Descrição de 3 casos de síndrome de íris plateau, diagnosticados através da evolução clínica, gonioscopia e biomicroscopia ultrassônica (UBM). Resultados: Os achados gonioscópicos foram: ângulo estreito ou fechado com câmara anterior de profundidade central próxima do normal e íris plana, mesmo com iridotomia ou iredectomia patente. A UBM mostrou anteriorização dos processos ciliares, ausência de sulco ciliar e raiz da íris aposta ao trabeculado. Conclusões: O diagnóstico da síndrome de íris plateau baseia-se, fundamentalmente, nos achados clínicos (gonioscópicos) e nos achados da UBM. A iridoplastia a laser e/ou o uso de pilocarpina são os métodos terapêuticos de eleição.

Estudo do comportamento da pressão intra-ocular em pacientes diabéticos, hipertensos e normais (Projeto Glaucoma) / Analysis of the intraocular pressure in diabetes hypertensive and normal patients (Glaucoma Project)

Objetivo: Analisar os valores da pressão intra-ocular (PIO) entre diferentes grupos de pacientes (diabéticos, hipertensos com ou sem retinopatia) e a população normal. Métodos: Realizou-se a aferição da pressão intra ocular (PIO) em um total de 924 olhos de 482 pacientes com idade igual ou maior que 40 anos (x=56,70;dp=11,89) examinados segundo um protocolo de estudo que incluiu medida da PIO, pressão arterial e glicemia, além da fundoscopia. A determinação da PIO foi obtida pelo tonômetro de aplanação de "Goldmannn" e a glicemia foi aferida por meio de tiras reativas (Destrostix-Bayer). Em seguida os pacientes foram divididos em 7 (sete) grupos: hipertensos, hipertensos com retinopatia, diabéticos, diabéticos com retinopatia, hipertensos e diabéticos, hipertensos e diabéticos com retinopataia e a população controle.

Purpose: To correlate the values of intraocular pressure (IOP) obtained by applanation tonometer (Haag-Streit, Bern, Switzerland) in patients with diabetes mellitus (with or without diabetic retinopathy), hypertension (with or without hypertensive diabetic retinopathy) and the normal population. Patients and Methods: Subjects participating in the Glaucoma Project (n = 924, 40 or more years old) were examined according to standard protocols including IOP measurement, fundoscopy, blood pressure and glucose determination. Patients were divided into seven groups: diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive patients without hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic hypertensive patients without retinopathy, diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive patients with hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic hypertensive patients with retinopathy and population-based control. Results: Applying the one-way ANOVA test to a normal distribution at 5% significance, it was observed that IOP values were higher in the groups of hypertensive patients without retinopathy (mean = 16.10), hypertensive patients with hypertensive retinopathy (mean = 16.33) and diabetic hypertensive patients with retinopathy (mean = 16.95) when compared with the other groups. Conclusion: The mean IOP value increases progressively with the evolution of systemic hypertensive disease and when it is associated with diabetes.

Hemocramatose, artropatia e prótese total de quadril: relato de um caso / Hemochomatosis, arthropathy, and total hip prosthesis: report of a case

Os autores relatam um caso de hemocromatose associado a artropatia, tecem comentários sobre a raridade da doença, diagnóstico, exames complementares, quadro clínico, evoluçäo e o tratamento artroplástico realizado

Dynamics of cytokine production during coccidial infections in chickens: colony-stimulating factors and interferon.

We assayed two classes of immunoregulatory cytokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and interferon (IFN), during and immediately after a primary coccidial infection in chickens. Coccidial infection induces significant alterations in serum colony-stimulating activity (CSA) and these alterations immediately precede the characteristic biphasic leukocytosis. CSA rose sharply during the first 24 h post-inoculation (PI), but returned to control levels by 48 h PI. At this time, we detected an increase in peripheral blood leukocytes which peaked at 96 h PI. A second phase of CSA increase began 96 h PI and peaked at 120-144 h PI which again preceded the second phase of leukocytosis. We also examined the production of IFN during the first 20 days PI. Splenic T cells from Eimeria maxima-infected chickens produced significantly less IFN on day 5 PI compared to T cells from the coccidia-free controls. By days 10 and 15 PI, there was no significant difference in IFN production between the T cells of infected and non-infected chickens. However, by day 20 PI, IFN production by the T cells of the infected birds produced significantly more IFN than the control T cells. The results of our studies indicated the differential production of two different cytokines by chickens during and following a primary coccidial infection. Based on these experiments, CSF may be some of the first cytokines produced during an E. maxima-infection, while IFN may be one of the later cytokines produced.