Progressive shingles in a toddler due to reactivation of Varicella Zoster vaccine virus four days after infection with SARS-CoV-2; a case report.

BACKGROUND: Herpes zoster (HZ) is the clinical syndrome associated with reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Several factors have been implicated to promote VZV reactivation; these include immunosuppression, older age, mechanical trauma, physiologic stress, lymphopenia, and more recently, infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2). Recent reports suggest an increase in the number of HZ cases in the general population during the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is unknown what proportion of HZ during the pandemic is due to reactivation of wild-type or vaccine-strain VZV. CASE: Here we report the first known case of HZ concomitant with SARS-CoV2 infection in a 20-month-old female who was treated with a single dose of dexamethasone, due to reactivation of the vaccine-type strain of VZV after presenting with a worsening vesicular rash. CONCLUSION: In this case, we were able to show vaccine-strain VZV reactivation in the context of a mild acute symptomatic COVID-19 infection in a toddler. Being able to recognize HZ quickly and effectively in a pediatric patient can help stave off the significant morbidity and mortality associated with disease process.

Pediatric HIV Disclosure Intervention Improves Immunologic Outcome at 48 Weeks: The Sankofa Trial Experience.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends disclosure of HIV status to children and adolescents living with HIV (CALWH). HIV disclosure improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy and immunologic and virologic outcomes. However, the prevalence of HIV disclosure is low in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the longitudinal effect of the Sankofa Pediatric HIV disclosure intervention on immunologic and virologic outcomes among CALWH in Ghana. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of a two-arm site-randomized clinical trial among CALWH aged 7-18 years. Data were collected at baseline, 24, and 48 weeks. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare immunologic (CD4) and virologic (viral load) outcomes as both continuous and categorical variables by disclosure status and by intervention group. RESULTS: Among participants who had their HIV status disclosed during this study, the proportion with CD4 percent >25% increased from 56.5% at baseline to 75.4% at week 48 ( P = 0.03), with a slight increase in the undisclosed group (69.5% vs. 74.3%, P = 0.56). In the intervention arm, there was a steady increase in proportion with CD4 percent >25% from 47.1% at baseline to 67.8% at week 48 ( P = 0.01) while it remained unchanged in the control arm (80.5% vs. 81.3% [ P = 0.89]). Concurrently, declines in detectable viral load were observed in both disclosed (63.3% vs. 51.5%, P = 0.16) and undisclosed (69.9% vs. 62.0%, P = 0.17) groups while the intervention group experienced a meaningful drop from 72.9% to 57.6% at 24 weeks ( P = 0.04), which was maintained at 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: A structured, culturally relevant disclosure intervention can improve clinical outcomes.

Symptomatic Acute Myocarditis in 7 Adolescents After Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccination.

Trials of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination included limited numbers of children, so they may not have detected rare but important adverse events in this population. We report 7 cases of acute myocarditis or myopericarditis in healthy male adolescents who presented with chest pain all within 4 days after the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination. Five patients had fever around the time of presentation. Acute COVID-19 was ruled out in all 7 cases on the basis of negative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test results of specimens obtained by using nasopharyngeal swabs. None of the patients met criteria for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Six of the 7 patients had negative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nucleocapsid antibody assay results, suggesting no previous infection. All patients had an elevated troponin. Cardiac MRI revealed late gadolinium enhancement characteristic of myocarditis. All 7 patients resolved their symptoms rapidly. Three patients were treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs only, and 4 received intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids. In this report, we provide a summary of each adolescent's clinical course and evaluation. No causal relationship between vaccine administration and myocarditis has been established. Continued monitoring and reporting to the US Food and Drug Administration Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System is strongly recommended.

Predictors of health-related quality of life among military HIV-infected individuals.

OBJECTIVES: To determine long-term predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and evaluate the treatment effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on HRQOL in the US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) cohort. METHODS: Participants were a nested cohort of the NHS who responded to the Rand Short Form 36 questionnaire administered from 2006 to 2010. Physical component summary scores (PCS) and mental component summary scores (MCS) were computed using standard algorithms. HAART-status was categorized as non-protease inhibitor-based (NPI-HAART), protease inhibitor-based (PI-HAART), HAART-naïve, or off-HAART. Mixed linear random effects models were used to estimate changes in PCS and MCS over time for treatment and covariates (including CD4 count, HIV viral load, medical and mental comorbidities). RESULTS: Eight hundred and twelve participants met the inclusion criteria. There was no difference in PCS or MCS between those on PI-HAART compared to NPI-HAART. Significant predictors of PCS were CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (ß = - 2.90), CD4 count 200-499 cells/mm3 (ß = - 0.80), and mental comorbidity (ß = - 3.23). Others were medical comorbidity, AIDS-defining illness, being on NPI-HAART, HAART-naïve, age, and rank. Those with medical comorbidities experienced yearly improvement in PCS. Predictors of MCS were CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (ß = - 2.53), mental comorbidity (ß = - 4.58), and being African American (ß = 2.59). CONCLUSION: HRQOL was significantly affected by low CD4 count, medical and mental comorbidities. Addressing these modifiable factors would be expected to improve the physical and mental HRQOL of the cohort. Our study did not find any treatment benefit of NPI-HAART over PI-HAART on HRQOL in the long term.

Parental Perception and Participation in Genetic Testing Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with genetic testing in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and understand parental involvement in the decision to test using survey data of parents of children with ASD. Evaluation by a geneticist was associated with genetic testing by more than 39 times compared to evaluation by a nongeneticist (95% CI = 9.15-168.81). Those offered testing by the physicians were more than 6 times more likely to be tested than those not offered testing (95% CI = 1.66-24.61). Financial concerns, not being offered testing, and lack of awareness were the most consistent reasons for not testing given by participants. A physician's recommendation for testing and an evaluation by a geneticist were the most important factors associated with genetic testing in children with ASD. Educating primary care physicians and nongenetic specialists can potentially improve genetic testing among children with ASD.

Lower health-related quality of life predicts all-cause hospitalization among HIV-infected individuals.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a patient-centered outcome measure used in assessing the individual's overall functional health status but studies looking at HRQOL as a predictive tool are few. This work examines whether summary scores of HRQOL are predictive of all-cause hospitalization in the US Military HIV Natural History Study (NHS) cohort. METHODS: The Short Form 36 (SF-36) was administered between 2006 and 2010 to 1711 NHS cohort members whose hospitalization records we had also obtained. Physical component summary scores (PCSS) and mental component summary scores (MCSS) were computed based on standard algorithms. Terciles of PCSS and MCSS were generated with the upper terciles (higher HRQOL) as referent groups. Proportional hazards multivariate regression models were used to estimate the hazard of hospitalization for PCSS and MCSS separately (models 1 and 2, respectively) and combined (model 3). RESULTS: The hazard ratios (HR) of hospitalization were respectively 2.12 times (95% CI: 1.59-2.84) and 1.59 times (95% CI: 1.19-2.14) higher for the lower and middle terciles compared to the upper PCSS tercile. The HR of hospitalization was 1.33 times (95% CI: 1.02-1.73) higher for the lower compared to the upper MCSS tercile. Other predictors of hospitalization were CD4 count < 200 cells/mm3 (HR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.96, 4.12), CD4 count 200-349 cells/mm3 (HR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.26), CD4 count 350-499 cells/mm3 (HR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.83), plasma viral load > 50 copies/mL (HR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.46, 2.26), and yearly increment in duration of HIV infection (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.96) (model 3). CONCLUSION: After controlling for factors associated with hospitalization among those with HIV, both PCSS and MCSS were predictive of all-cause hospitalization in the NHS cohort. HRQOL assessment using the SF-36 may be useful in stratifying hospitalization risk among HIV-infected populations.

Health-related quality of life among military HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the factors associated with HRQOL at baseline in our cohort, and (ii) to evaluate if there are differences in baseline HRQOL measures by antiretroviral treatment. METHODS: The Short Form 36 (SF-36) was administered between 2006 and 2010 among members of the United States HIV Natural History Study cohort (NHS), and participants who completed the SF-36 were included in the study. Physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores were computed based on standard algorithms. Multivariate linear regression models were constructed for PCS and MCS to estimate the association between selected variables and HRQOL scores. RESULTS: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was not independently associated with HRQOL scores. Factors associated with PCS were CD4+ count < 200 cells/mm3 (ß = -5.84, 95% CI: -7.63, -4.06), mental comorbidity (ß = -2.82, 95% CI: -3.79, -1.85), medical comorbidity (ß = -2.51, 95% CI: -3.75, -1.27), AIDS diagnosis (ß = -2.38, 95% CI: -3.79, -0.98). Others were gender, military rank, marital status, and age. Factors independently associated with MCS were CD4+ count < 200 cells/mm3 (ß = -1.93, 95% CI: -3.85, -0.02), mental comorbidity (ß = -6.25, 95% CI: -7.25, -5.25), age (ß = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.60), and being African American (ß = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.47). CONCLUSION: Among military active duty and beneficiaries with HIV, modifiable factors associated with HRQOL measures included advanced HIV disease, and mental or medical comorbidity. Addressing these factors may improve quality of life of HIV-infected individuals in the NHS cohort.

Epidemiology of infant death among black and white non-Hispanic populations in Hampton Roads, Virginia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of racial disparities in infant mortality rates and assess risk factors for infant death among black and white populations in Hampton Roads, Virginia. METHODS: A retrospective study with secondary analyses of linked birth/death certificate data was conducted using a sample of 201,610 live-born infants and 1659 infant deaths identified between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2008 in Hampton Roads. RESULTS: Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher among black compared with white populations. Racial disparities were noted whereby black infants were significantly (P < 0.0001) more likely to die of conditions originating in the perinatal period, whereas white infants were significantly more likely to die of congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities (P < 0.0001) or neoplasms (P = 0.03). Multivariable logistic modeling suggested significantly higher odds of black infants dying in the first year of life than white infants. Among blacks, the odds of infant death were inversely related to maternal education. Among whites, the odds of infant death declined with increasing parity. Among black and white populations, history of child death, presence of maternal morbidities and the Kotelchuck Maternal Utilization of Prenatal Care Index were key determinants of infant death. CONCLUSIONS: Black infants are at higher odds of dying compared with white infants in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Continued efforts should target prenatal care, preterm delivery, and low-birth-weight infants and neonates to reduce infant mortality rates.