Traducción y adaptación española de la batería neuropsicológica Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) forma A en una muestra piloto / Spanish translation and adaptation of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Form A in a pilot sample

Introducción: La RBANS es una batería neuropsicológica breve que se ha mostrado sensible para la detección de trastorno cognitivo en patología degenerativa y no degenerativa. Ha sido traducida y adaptada a diversas lenguas y es ampliamente utilizada en otros países, pero no se ha publicado ninguna versión española. El objetivo es realizar una traducción válida al español de la RBANS y obtener una versión adaptada a la población española. Pacientes y métodos: Participaron 73 sujetos, 25 hombres, con una edad media de 54 años y escolaridad de 9,72, y 48 mujeres, con edad media de 53 y escolaridad 10,29. Se realizó una traducción mediante el método traducción-retrotraducción (con matices) y posteriormente se realizó un estudio descriptivo piloto en una muestra de población normal. Resultados: En la traducción y la adaptación de la batería neuropsicológica RBANS forma A (1998) se obtuvo un coeficiente de fiabilidad global con una alfa de Cronbach de 0,73. Se obtuvieron correlaciones positivas, estadísticamente significativas entre los índices. Conclusiones: La versión traducida y adaptada al castellano se comporta de forma similar a la versión original (AU)

Introduction: RBANS is a short neuropsychological battery which has shown to be sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in degenerative and non-degenerative diseases. It has been translated and adapted to different languages and is widely used in other countries, but no Spanish version has been published. The objective was to make a valid translation of the RBANS to Spanish, and obtain a version adapted to the Spanish population. Patients and methods: The study included 73 subjects: 25 males with a mean age of 54 years and 9.72 years of education, and 48 females with a mean age of 53 years and 10.29 years of education. The battery was translated using the translation-back-translation method (with slight differences), followed by a descriptive pilot study in a sample of the normal population. Results: An overall reliability coefficient with a Cronbach alpha of 0.73 was obtained in the translation and adaptation of the RBANS, Form A (1998). Statistically significant positive correlations between the indices were obtained. Conclusions: The version translated and adapted to Spanish performs similarly to the original version (AU)

Spanish translation and adaptation of the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) Form A in a pilot sample.

INTRODUCTION: RBANS is a short neuropsychological battery which has shown to be sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in degenerative and non-degenerative diseases. It has been translated and adapted to different languages and is widely used in other countries, but no Spanish version has been published. The objective was to make a valid translation of the RBANS to Spanish, and obtain a version adapted to the Spanish population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 73 subjects: 25 males with a mean age of 54 years and 9.72 years of education, and 48 females with a mean age of 53 years and 10.29 years of education. The battery was translated using the translation-back-translation method (with slight differences), followed by a descriptive pilot study in a sample of the normal population. RESULTS: An overall reliability coefficient with a Cronbach alpha of 0.73 was obtained in the translation and adaptation of the RBANS, Form A (1998). Statistically significant positive correlations between the indices were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The version translated and adapted to Spanish performs similarly to the original version.

Update on the surgical pathology standards on rectal cancer diagnosis, staging and quality assessment of surgery

Surgery for rectal cancer continues to develop towards improving local control and overall survival, maintaining quality of life and preserving sphincter, genitourinary and sexual function. The multidisciplinary approach integrated in a team of different specialists ensures an individualised treatment for each patient with rectal cancer. Thus, the role of the pathologist has acquired an important relevance, not only in diagnosis, management and evaluation of the surgical specimen, but also for selection of the best adjuvant treatment. Parameters such as macroscopic quality of the mesorectum, status of the circumferential margin and lymph node harvest are considered basic criteria by current guidelines. Additionally, consistency in reporting based on the histologic classification proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is mandatory, along with inclusion into the pathologic report of current criteria for tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging, assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy and clinically relevant molecular studies. Detection of defects in mismatch repair genes and mutational analysis of specific genes should be included as predictive markers for therapy (AU)

Photochemical and photophysical properties of indoprofen.

The photophysical properties and photochemistry of indoprofen (INP) have been investigated. Absorption and emission spectroscopies in phosphate buffer, ethanol and ether show that INP photophysics is dominated by a singlet-singlet transition of pipi* character. INP fluoresces at room temperature, with a quantum yield approximately 0.04. Flash photolysis experiments together with the lack of phosphorescence at room temperature point to a very weak intersystem crossing. The photoreactivity of INP is centered on the propionic acid chain and gives rise to photoproducts similar to those obtained with other arylpropionic acids (ethyl, hydroxyethyl and acetyl derivatives). Thus, irradiation of INP in aqueous buffer results in photodecarboxylation and leads mainly to oxidative compounds whose proportions increase with increasing oxygen concentration. These data suggest a photoreactivity occurring from the excited singlet state.

Phototoxicity associated with diclofenac: a photophysical, photochemical, and photobiological study on the drug and its photoproducts.

Diclofenac (1) is a photosensitizing nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. Its photodecomposition gives rise to chlorocarbazole 2a. This product undergoes photodehalogenation to 3a in a subsequent step. When the photobiological activities of 1, 2a, and 3a are compared by means of the photohemolysis test, it is clearly observed that chlorocarbazole 2a causes cell lysis with a markedly higher efficiency than the parent drug or the secondary photoproduct 3a. Laser flash photolysis studies suggest that photodehalogenation of 2a occurs from its excited triplet state via quenching by ground-state 2a and formation of an excimer. As a consequence, an aryl radical plus an N-centered carbazolyl radical are formed. These radical intermediates appear to be responsible for the observed photobiological effects of diclofenac, via hydrogen abstraction from the target biomolecules, which initiates a type-I photodynamic effect. The efficient peroxidation of model lipids, such as linoleic acid, photosensitized by 2a are in favor of this proposal. Thus, the photosensitizing properties of diclofenac appear to be associated with the photochemical and photobiological activity of its major photoproduct.

Triplet photoreactivity of the diaryl ketone tiaprofenic acid and its decarboxylated photoproduct. Photobiological implications.

The 2-benzoylthiophene chromophore of the photosensitizing drug tiaprofenic acid and of its decarboxylated derivative is characterized by a unusually high energy gap between the T1 (pi, pi*) and T2 (n, pi*) excited states, which makes this a unique system to study the intrinsic photoreactivity of the two states. Weak fluorescence and phosporescence emission were detected at room temperature. Tiaprofenic acid undergoes photodecarboxylation from the triplet manifold as the main reaction. The photoprocess is temperature dependent with activation energy of 7-10 kcal/mol, close to the energy gap between T1 and T2. The decarboxylated product abstracts hydrogen in type I reactions. The involvement of T2 in the above processes is proposed. Moreover the decarboxylated derivative exhibits reactivity toward phenols, consistent with a participation of the T1 state as electron acceptor. The observed photoprocesses can account for biological photosensitization reactions, like membrane damage and protein modification.

Photodegradation and photobinding of tiaprofenic acid: in vitro versus in vivo.

The photoreactivity of the photosensitizing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug tiaprofenic acid (TA) and its photoproduct decarboxytiaprofenic acid (DTA) was studied both in the presence and in the absence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The photoproduct DTA was found to be photostable in buffered aqueous solution at pH 7.4, but photodecomposed when BSA was present in the reaction medium. Both TA and DTA underwent irreversible photobinding to BSA in an almost quantitative way, as evidenced by radioactivity measurements using labeled (3H) compounds. In the case of TA, it has been proven that photobinding is mainly attributable to the phototoreactivity of in situ-generated DTA. The photodegradation and photobinding of TA were also investigated in the epidermis in vivo. Rats were exposed to UVA after application of TA to their shaven dorsal skin. During the initial periods of irradiation, the amount of TA decreased sharply, and the yield of the corresponding photoproduct (DTA) reached a maximum. Prolonged irradiation led to photodegradation of DTA. In vivo photobinding was studied using 3H-TA. Photobinding took place slowly at the beginning, but its rate increased sharply after complete photoconversion of TA, when the photoproduct DTA reached the maximum concentration. Thereafter, the decrease of DTA was more pronounced than that of TA. This indicates that-also in vivo-DTA rather than TA is responsible for the photobinding to biomacromolecules in the viable layer of the epidermis. Overall, the above results suggest that irradiation of TA in buffered aqueous solution, in the presence of proteins, is a reasonable model system to study the photodegradation and photobinding behavior of this drug in vivo. From the qualitative point of view, the main conclusion is that DTA plays a key role both in vivo and in vitro: it is the major photoproduct, it undergoes further photodegradation upon prolonged irradiation, and it appears to be responsible for the photobinding process.

Photophysical and photochemical characterization of a photosensitizing drug: a combined steady state photolysis and laser flash photolysis study on carprofen.

Carprofen (1a) is a photosensitizing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It undergoes photodehalogenation from its triplet excited state. The resulting aryl radical (II) is able to abstract hydrogen atoms from model lipids, mediating their peroxidation by a type I mechanism. This aryl radical intermediate appears to be responsible for the observed photobiological effects of carprofen. The active involvement of the triplet state has been confirmed by direct detection of this species in laser flash photolysis and by quenching experiments with cyclohexadiene and naphthalene. Carprofen also photosensitizes singlet oxygen production with a quantum yield of 0.32. A minor reaction pathway is photodecarboxylation, which occurs from the excited singlet state and leads to an acetyl derivative (1b). In the case of the dehalogenated photoproduct (2a), photodecarboxylation to the ethyl (2d) and acetyl (2b) derivatives, together with singlet oxygen production (quantum yield = 0.18), is also possible. However, the biological activity of 2a in the linoleic acid photoperoxidation and photohemolysis tests is markedly lower than that of 1a, which constitutes further evidence in favor of the important role of photodehalogenation in the adverse photobiological effects of carprofen.