ABSTRACT
Knowing how the present distribution of organisms was formed is an essential issue in evolutionary ecology. Recently, the distribution of organisms on Earth has been significantly changed by human-mediated dispersal due to globalization. Therefore, significant attention has been paid to such processes. However, although humankind has taken considerable time to achieve modernization, the impact of ancient human activity on ecosystems has not yet been thoroughly studied. We hypothesized that ancient urban development and transitions had a non-negligible effect on species distribution. Inferring the impact of past human activity on ecosystems from ancient literature and verifying that impact by genetic analysis and human history is an effective means of tackling this problem. As geckos, a popular neighbor of human dwellings, are good material for this model, we performed this combination approach using Schlegel's Japanese gecko, Gekko japonicus. We show that G. japonicus migrated from China to the western Japanese archipelago before Christ. The gecko species dispersed itself from western to eastern the archipelago on a time scale of thousands of years. There are many synchronizations between the dispersal history of G. japonicus and the historical development of human society. It is suggested by such synchronizations that humans have influenced the distribution of G. japonicus many times throughout its dispersal history.
