ABSTRACT
Aquaculture requires feed that ensures rapid growth and healthy fish. Higher inclusion of plant ingredients is desirable, as marine resources are limited. In this study we investigated the effects of higher starch inclusion in feed on muscular extracellular matrix and interleukin expression in farmed cod. Starch was replaced by complex fibers in the low-starch diet to keep total carbohydrate inclusion similar. Blood glucose and fructosamine levels were elevated in the high-starch group. The group fed a high-starch diet showed up-regulation on mRNA level of proteoglycans biglycan and decorin. ELISA confirmed the real-time PCR results on protein level for biglycan and also showed increase of lumican. For decorin the protein levels were decreased in the high-starch group, in contrast to real-time PCR results. Disaccharide analyses using HPLC showed reduction of glycosaminoglycans. Further, there was up-regulation of interleukin-1ß and -10 on mRNA level in muscle. This study shows that the muscular extracellular matrix composition is affected by diet, and that a high-starch diet results in increased expression of pro-inflammatory genes similar to diabetes in humans.
Subject(s)
Fish Proteins/metabolism , Gadus morhua/metabolism , Glycosaminoglycans/administration & dosage , Interleukins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Proteoglycans/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Aquaculture , Biglycan/chemistry , Biglycan/metabolism , Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/chemistry , Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Collagen Type I/analysis , Decorin/chemistry , Decorin/metabolism , Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Extracellular Matrix/chemistry , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Fish Proteins/chemistry , Interleukin-10/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-8/metabolism , Keratan Sulfate/chemistry , Keratan Sulfate/metabolism , Leucine/analysis , Lumican , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Proteoglycans/chemistry , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Heat processing endpoint temperature affects several quality parameters of meat. The present paper focuses on using near-infrared and visual light reflectance spectroscopy at 400-2500 nm to determine the endpoint temperature in previously heated ground beef. Glass fibre filters with beef juice centrifuged from m. longissimus lumborum were used as samples for the technique Dry Extract Spectroscopy by Infrared Reflection (DESIR). Combined with multivariate analysis, this method gave prediction errors down to ± 0.74 °C in the temperature range 65.6-75.6 °C, showing that DESIR is a potential screening method. The dominant part of the predictive information was in the visual part of the spectra.
