Core 2 ß1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I, crucial for P-selectin ligand expression is controlled by a distal enhancer regulated by STAT4 and T-bet in CD4+ T helper cells 1.

P-selectin ligands (P-ligs) support the recruitment of lymphocytes into inflamed tissues. Binding to P-selectin is mediated by oligosaccharide groups synthesized by means of several glycosyltransferases including core 2 ß1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-I (C2GlcNAcT-I), encoded by the gene Gcnt1. Using Gcnt1(-/-) Th1 cells, we show that C2GlcNAcT-I is crucial for inflammatory T cell homing in vivo. To understand the molecular regulation of Gcnt1 in CD4(+) T helper cells, we performed ChIP-on-chip experiments across the Gcnt1 locus assessing the chromatin structure in P-lig-expressing versus non-expressing CD4(+) T cells. This identified a distal region about 20kb upstream of the promoter where the presence of a H3K27me3 mark correlated with Gcnt1 repression. This region possessed IL-12-dependent enhancer activity in reporter assays, in accordance with preferential IL-12-dependent induction of Gcnt1 in vitro. STAT4 and T-bet cooperated in control of the enhancer activity. Deficiency in either one resulted in drastically reduced Gcnt1 mRNA expression in differentiated Th1 cells. While both STAT4 and T-bet were bound to the enhancer early after activation only T-bet binding persisted throughout the expansion phase after TCR signal cessation. This suggests sequential action of STAT4 and T-bet at the enhancer. In summary, we show that Gcnt1 transcription and subsequent P-lig induction in Th1 cells is governed by binding of STAT4 and T-bet to a distal enhancer and further regulated by epigenetic marks such as H3K27me3.

Identification of two regulatory elements controlling Fucosyltransferase 7 transcription in murine CD4+ T cells.

Fucosyltransferase VII encoded by the gene Fut7 is essential in CD4(+) T cells for the generation of E- and P-selectin ligands (E- and P-lig) which facilitate recruitment of lymphocytes into inflamed tissues and into the skin. This study aimed to identify regulatory elements controlling the inducible Fut7 expression in CD4(+) T cells that occurs upon activation and differentiation of naive T cells into effector cells. Comparative analysis of the histone modification pattern in non-hematopoetic cells and CD4(+) T cell subsets revealed a differential histone modification pattern within the Fut7 locus including a conserved non-coding sequence (CNS) identified by cross-species conservation comparison suggesting that regulatory elements are confined to this region. Cloning of the CNS located about 500 bp upstream of the Fut7 locus, into a luciferase reporter vector elicited reporter activity after transfection of the αß-WT T cell line, but not after transfection of primary murine CD4(+) Th1 cells. As quantification of different Fut7 transcripts revealed a predominance of transcripts lacking the first exons in primary Th1 cells we searched for an alternative promoter. Cloning of an intragenic region spanning a 1kb region upstream of exon 4 into an enhancer-containing vector indeed elicited promoter activity. Interestingly, also the CNS enhanced activity of this intragenic minimal promoter in reporter assays in primary Th1 cells suggesting that both elements interact in primary CD4(+) T cells to induce Fut7 transcription.

Active demethylation of the Foxp3 locus leads to the generation of stable regulatory T cells within the thymus.

Stable expression of Foxp3 in regulatory T cells (Tregs) depends on DNA demethylation at the Treg-specific demethylated region (TSDR), a conserved, CpG-rich region within the Foxp3 locus. The TSDR is selectively demethylated in ex vivo Tregs purified from secondary lymphoid organs, but it is unclear at which stage of Treg development demethylation takes place. In this study, we show that commitment to a stable lineage occurred during early stages of murine thymic Treg development by engraving of lineage-specific epigenetic marks in parallel with establishment of a Treg-specific gene expression profile. TSDR demethylation was achieved through an active mechanism and involved enzymes of the ten-eleven-translocation family and hydroxylation of methylated cytosines, a modification that is implicated as an initiating step of mitosis-independent DNA demethylation pathways and has not yet been observed at specific loci during immune cell differentiation. Together, our results demonstrate that initiating TSDR demethylation during early stages of thymic Treg development commences stabilization of Foxp3 expression and guarantees full functionality and long-term lineage stability of Tregs.

Epigenetic modification of the human CCR6 gene is associated with stable CCR6 expression in T cells.

CCR6 is a chemokine receptor expressed on Th17 cells and regulatory T cells that is induced by T-cell priming with certain cytokines, but how its expression and stability are regulated at the molecular level is largely unknown. Here, we identified and characterized a noncoding region of the human CCR6 locus that displayed unmethylated CpG motifs (differentially methylated region [DMR]) selectively in CCR6(+) lymphocytes. CCR6 expression on circulating CD4(+) T cells was stable on cytokine-induced proliferation but partially down-regulated on T-cell receptor stimulation. However, CCR6 down-regulation was mostly transient, and the DMR within the CCR6 locus remained demethylated. Notably, in vitro induction of CCR6 expression with cytokines in T-cell receptor-activated naive CD4(+) T cells was not associated with a demethylated DMR and resulted in unstable CCR6 expression. Conversely, treatment with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5'-azacytidine induced demethylation of the DMR and led to increased and stable CCR6 expression. Finally, when cloned into a reporter gene plasmid, the DMR displayed transcriptional activity in memory T cells that was suppressed by DNA methylation. In summary, we have identified a noncoding region of the human CCR6 gene with methylation-sensitive transcriptional activity in CCR6(+) T cells that controls stable CCR6 expression via epigenetic mechanisms.

A practical approach to screen for authorised and unauthorised genetically modified plants.

In routine analysis, screening methods based on real-time PCR are most commonly used for the detection of genetically modified (GM) plant material in food and feed. In this paper, it is shown that the combination of five DNA target sequences can be used as a universal screening approach for at least 81 GM plant events authorised or unauthorised for placing on the market and described in publicly available databases. Except for maize event LY038, soybean events DP-305423 and BPS-CV127-9 and cotton event 281-24-236 x 3006-210-23, at least one of the five genetic elements has been inserted in these GM plants and is targeted by this screening approach. For the detection of these sequences, fully validated real-time PCR methods have been selected. A screening table is presented that describes the presence or absence of the target sequences for most of the listed GM plants. These data have been verified either theoretically according to available databases or experimentally using available reference materials. The screening table will be updated regularly by a network of German enforcement laboratories.

Anaphase-promoting complex-dependent proteolysis of cell cycle regulators and genomic instability of cancer cells.

Genomic instability can be found in most cancer cells. Cell proliferation is under tight control to ensure accurate DNA replication and chromosome segregation. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their activating subunits, the cyclins, are the driving forces of the cell division cycle. Regulation of cyclin oscillation by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis thereby has a central role in cell cycle regulation. The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a specific ubiquitin ligase and is essential for chromosome segregation, exit from mitosis and a stable subsequent G1 phase allowing cell differentiation or accurate DNA replication in the following S phase. The APC is activated by the regulatory subunits Cdc20 (APC(Cdc20)) and Cdh1 (APC(Cdh1)) to target securin, mitotic cyclins and other cell cycle regulatory proteins for proteasomal degradation. This review is focused on the role of APC-dependent proteolysis in cell cycle regulation and how its deregulation may lead to genomic instability of cancer cells.