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1.
Nature ; 591(7849): 229-233, 2021 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33692560

ABSTRACT

As the field of artificial intelligence advances, the demand for algorithms that can learn quickly and efficiently increases. An important paradigm within artificial intelligence is reinforcement learning1, where decision-making entities called agents interact with environments and learn by updating their behaviour on the basis of the obtained feedback. The crucial question for practical applications is how fast agents learn2. Although various studies have made use of quantum mechanics to speed up the agent's decision-making process3,4, a reduction in learning time has not yet been demonstrated. Here we present a reinforcement learning experiment in which the learning process of an agent is sped up by using a quantum communication channel with the environment. We further show that combining this scenario with classical communication enables the evaluation of this improvement and allows optimal control of the learning progress. We implement this learning protocol on a compact and fully tunable integrated nanophotonic processor. The device interfaces with telecommunication-wavelength photons and features a fast active-feedback mechanism, demonstrating the agent's systematic quantum advantage in a setup that could readily be integrated within future large-scale quantum communication networks.

2.
Nature ; 580(7801): 60-64, 2020 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32238931

ABSTRACT

The ability to communicate quantum information over long distances is of central importance in quantum science and engineering1. Although some applications of quantum communication such as secure quantum key distribution2,3 are already being successfully deployed4-7, their range is currently limited by photon losses and cannot be extended using straightforward measure-and-repeat strategies without compromising unconditional security8. Alternatively, quantum repeaters9, which utilize intermediate quantum memory nodes and error correction techniques, can extend the range of quantum channels. However, their implementation remains an outstanding challenge10-16, requiring a combination of efficient and high-fidelity quantum memories, gate operations, and measurements. Here we use a single solid-state spin memory integrated in a nanophotonic diamond resonator17-19 to implement asynchronous photonic Bell-state measurements, which are a key component of quantum repeaters. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we demonstrate high-fidelity operation that effectively enables quantum communication at a rate that surpasses the ideal loss-equivalent direct-transmission method while operating at megahertz clock speeds. These results represent a crucial step towards practical quantum repeaters and large-scale quantum networks20,21.

3.
J Frailty Aging ; 9(1): 57-63, 2020.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32150215

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation suspected to contribute to reductions in skeletal muscle size, strength, and function. Inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), may play a role in the reduced skeletal muscle adaptive response seen in older individuals. OBJECTIVES: To investigate relationships between circulating IL-6, skeletal muscle health and exercise adaptation in mobility-limited older adults. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Exercise laboratory on the Health Sciences campus of an urban university. PARTICIPANTS: 99 mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ≤9) older adults. INTERVENTION: 6-month structured physical activity with or without a protein and vitamin D nutritional supplement. MEASUREMENTS: Circulating IL-6, skeletal muscle size, composition (percent normal density muscle tissue), strength, power, and specific force (strength/CSA) as well as physical function (gait speed, stair climb time, SPPB-score) were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: At baseline, Spearman's correlations demonstrated an inverse relationship (P<0.05) between circulating IL-6 and thigh muscle composition (r = -0.201), strength (r = -0.311), power (r = -0.210), and specific force (r = -0.248), and positive association between IL-6 and stair climb time (r = 0.256; P<0.05). Although the training program did not affect circulating IL-6 levels (P=0.69), reductions in IL-6 were associated with gait speed improvements (r = -0.487; P<0.05) in "higher" IL-6 individuals (>1.36 pg/ml). Moreover, baseline IL-6 was inversely associated (P<0.05) with gains in appendicular lean mass and improvements in SPPB score (r = -0.211 and -0.237, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate age-related increases in circulating IL-6 as an important contributor to declines in skeletal muscle strength, quality, function, and training-mediated adaptation. Given the pervasive nature of inflammation among older adults, novel therapeutic strategies to reduce IL-6 as a means of preserving skeletal muscle health are enticing.


Subject(s)
Exercise/physiology , Interleukin-6/blood , Muscle Strength/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Aged , Humans , Mobility Limitation
4.
J Nutr Health Aging ; 23(8): 703-709, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31560027

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Skeletal muscle weakness and an increase in fatigability independently contribute to age-related functional decline. The objective of this study was to examine the combined contribution of these deficiencies (i.e., torque capacity) to physical function, and then to assess the functional implications of progressive resistance training (PRT) mediated-torque capacity improvements in mobility-limited older adults. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Exercise laboratory on the Health Sciences campus of an urban university. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ≤9) older adults (~79 yrs). INTERVENTION: Progressive resistance training or home-based flexibility 3 days/week for 12 weeks. MEASUREMENTS: Torque capacity was defined as the sum of peak torques from an isokinetic knee extension fatigue test. Relationships between torque capacity and performance-based and patient-reported functional measures before and after PRT were examined using partial correlations adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. RESULTS: Torque capacity explained (P<0.05) 10 and 28% of the variance in six-minute walk distance and stair climb time, respectively. PRT-mediated torque capacity improvements were paralleled by increases (P<0.05) in self-reported activity participation (+20%) and advanced lower extremity function (+7%), and associated (P<0.05) with a reduction in activity limitations (r=0.44) and an improved SPPB score (r=0.32). CONCLUSION: Skeletal muscle torque capacity, a composite of strength and fatigue, may be a proximal determinant of physical function in mobility-limited older individuals. To more closely replicate the musculoskeletal demands of real-life tasks, future studies are encouraged to consider the combined interaction of distinct skeletal muscle faculties to overall functional ability in older adults.


Subject(s)
Lower Extremity/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Torque , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Muscle Strength/physiology
5.
Rev Sci Instrum ; 89(9): 094705, 2018 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30278724

ABSTRACT

We present an S-band tunable loop gap resonator (LGR), which provides strong, homogeneous, and directionally uniform broadband microwave (MW) drive for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) ensembles. With 42 dBm of input power, the composite device provides drive field amplitudes approaching 5 G over a circular area ≳50 mm2 or cylindrical volume ≳250 mm3. The wide 80 MHz device bandwidth allows driving all NV Zeeman resonances for bias magnetic fields below 20 G. The device realizes percent-scale MW drive inhomogeneity; we measure a fractional root-mean-square inhomogeneity σ rms = 1.6% and a peak-to-peak variation σ pp = 3% over a circular area of 11 mm2 and σ rms = 3.2% and σ pp = 10.5% over a larger 32 mm2 circular area. We demonstrate incident MW power coupling to the LGR using two methodologies: a printed circuit board-fabricated exciter antenna for deployed compact bulk sensors and an inductive coupling coil suitable for microscope-style imaging. The inductive coupling coil allows for approximately 2π steradian combined optical access above and below the device, ideal for envisioned and existing NV imaging and bulk sensing applications.

6.
Opt Express ; 26(1): 80-89, 2018 Jan 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29328295

ABSTRACT

The practical implementation of many quantum technologies relies on the development of robust and bright single photon sources that operate at room temperature. The negatively charged silicon-vacancy (SiV-) color center in diamond is a possible candidate for such a single photon source. However, due to the high refraction index mismatch to air, color centers in diamond typically exhibit low photon out-coupling. An additional shortcoming is due to the random localization of native defects in the diamond sample. Here we demonstrate deterministic implantation of Si ions with high conversion efficiency to single SiV- centers, targeted to fabricated nanowires. The co-localization of single SiV- centers with the nanostructures yields a ten times higher light coupling efficiency than for single SiV- centers in bulk diamond. This enhanced photon out-coupling, together with the intrinsic scalability of the SiV- creation method, enables a new class of devices for integrated photonics and quantum science.

8.
Maturitas ; 14(3): 171-9, 1992 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1508058

ABSTRACT

Forty post-menopausal women with urogenital disorders who were inpatients in the same geriatric hospital were treated with oestriol (E3) for 6 weeks. For the first 2 weeks 0.5 mg E3 (Leo AB, Sweden) was administered intravaginally every day. Over the following 4 weeks the patients received the same quantity either once or twice weekly as a maintenance dose. Oestrogen influence on the vaginal and urethral epithelium was assessed by means of the karyopyknotic index (KPI), while the degree of maturation of the vaginal epithelium was estimated visually. Urinary bacteria were cultivated. A pronounced and progressive rise in KPI was seen in both the vaginal and the urethral epithelium following daily E3 treatment. However, neither of the two maintenance dosages was sufficient to sustain the initial maturation of the vaginal and urethral epithelium induced by E3, since the KPI returned to pretreatment values within 4 weeks. The effect of E3 administration on the vaginal epithelium was overestimated by the visual assessment method. No changes were seen in urinary bacteria. Medroxyprogesterone acetate was given before and after E3 treatment. None of the women suffered from withdrawal bleeding.


Subject(s)
Estriol/administration & dosage , Female Urogenital Diseases/drug therapy , Menopause , Administration, Intravaginal , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Atrophy , Bacteriuria/microbiology , Epithelium/drug effects , Epithelium/pathology , Female , Female Urogenital Diseases/pathology , Humans , Middle Aged , Urethra/pathology , Vagina/pathology
9.
Am J Med ; 83(4B): 78-81, 1987 Oct 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3318434

ABSTRACT

A six-month, multicenter, double-blind study compared the efficacy and safety of two therapeutic regimens in 332 patients with osteoarthritis. The patients received either 1,000 mg of nabumetone as a single bedtime dose or 900 mg of aspirin in four divided doses. At the end of the study, patients in both treatment groups showed significant improvement from baseline for all five parameters; no statistically or clinically significant differences were observed between the groups. The safety data did reveal clinically and statistically significant differences between the groups. Aspirin-treated patients experienced a greater frequency of withdrawal from the study because of adverse experiences (34 percent versus 13 percent), a greater incidence of having at least one treatment-related adverse experience (73 percent versus 52 percent), a greater percentage of patients with at least one moderate or severe treatment-related adverse experience (47 percent versus 22 percent), and a greater percentage of patients with treatment-related adverse experiences affecting the gastrointestinal system (43 percent versus 32 percent) or the inner ear (32 percent versus 10 percent). The results of this study demonstrated that nabumetone, 1,000 mg at bedtime, is as efficacious as aspirin, 900 mg four times daily, produces fewer adverse effects, and is indicated in the treatment of osteoarthritis.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Butanones/therapeutic use , Osteoarthritis/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects , Aspirin/adverse effects , Butanones/adverse effects , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Nabumetone , Patient Dropouts , Random Allocation
10.
Maturitas ; 8(3): 239-43, 1986 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3784920

ABSTRACT

The aim of this trial was to study the vaginal absorption of oestriol and to investigate whether morning rather than evening oestriol administration would produce different plasma oestriol patterns. The influence of food intake on plasma oestriol levels was also investigated. Nine post-menopausal women were given 0.5 mg oestriol (ovula supplied by Leo AB, Sweden) intravaginally every evening for 16 days. Thereafter, 1 mg oestriol was given every evening for another 5 days, except on treatment days 18 and 19 when 1 mg oestriol was given in the morning instead. Venous blood samples were collected at frequent intervals on day 19 (morning administration) and a meal was allowed 4 h later. On the day 21 (evening administration), venous blood samples were taken at frequent intervals during the night and no meal was given until the next morning. Plasma concentrations of unconjugated oestriol were measured by means of a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). A difference was seen in the plasma oestriol patterns when the results following morning and evening administration were compared. However, no significant difference as regards the total 24-h systemic availability of oestriol was observed. A minimal increase in plasma oestriol levels was seen after a meal in the case of both morning and evening intravaginal oestriol administration, possibly as a result of enterohepatic recirculation.


Subject(s)
Estriol/administration & dosage , Food , Vagina/metabolism , Absorption , Estriol/blood , Estriol/metabolism , Female , Humans , Kinetics , Menopause/metabolism , Middle Aged , Time Factors
11.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) ; 113(1): 93-5, 1986 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3766051

ABSTRACT

We have earlier reported on a prolonged effect of orally administered oestriol caused by its enterohepatic recycling after reabsorption from the intestine. The aim of the present study was to test if oral administration of activated charcoal could inhibit the enterohepatic recirculation of orally given oestriol. Plasma concentrations of unconjugated oestriol were measured using a specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). Twelve mg oestriol administered orally to postmenopausal women resulted in elevated plasma oestriol levels for more than 24 h. Plasma oestriol fluctuations in relation to meals were seen. When activated charcoal was given 3 h after oestriol administration, the plasma oestriol concentration declined without further fluctuations and returned to the pretreatment value within 6 h. Our data indicate that oestriol given orally undergoes enterohepatic recirculation after reabsorption from the intestine since administration of charcoal, which binds steroids, resulted in a rapidly declining oestriol level. It is concluded that the prolonged oestriol elevation, which is normally seen, is caused by enterohepatic recycling.


Subject(s)
Charcoal/administration & dosage , Enterohepatic Circulation , Estriol/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Estriol/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Menopause , Middle Aged
13.
Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand ; 63(6): 563-7, 1984.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6507057

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to evaluate the vaginal absorption of estriol when given as a 21-day treatment. Vaginal absorption was compared with the oral absorption of a known estriol preparation (TriovexR, Leo AB, Sweden). One mg of estriol was administered intravaginally once a day for 21 days to 6 menopausal women. Plasma concentrations of unconjugated estriol were measured by a specific RIA-method at frequent intervals during 24 hours on the first and 21st day of treatment. One month later, 10 mg of estriol was given once orally and plasma estriol concentrations were measured in the same way. At vaginal administration, the absorption of estriol was very effective. When measured on the 21st day, the absorption had declined significantly but was still nearly in the same range as after oral administration of 10 mg of estriol. At oral administration, there was an initial plasma estriol elevation for 3 hours only followed by a second one immediately postprandially. It is concluded that estriol is readily absorbed from the vagina, but the absorption does decline significantly during prolonged treatment. A large single oral dose of estriol provides initially a high plasma estriol concentration but also a second one induced by eating a meal, possibly indicating an enterohepatic recirculation of estriol.


Subject(s)
Estriol/blood , Food , Intestinal Absorption , Vagina/metabolism , Administration, Oral , Estriol/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Suppositories
14.
Ups J Med Sci ; 89(2): 107-15, 1984.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6464240

ABSTRACT

This study was done to evaluate the absorption of a single oral dose of 12 mg oestriol (Triovex, Leo AB, Sweden) and to confirm the hypothesis that the enterohepatic recirculation can prolong the plasma oestriol elevation obtained. Twelve menopausal women, six of whom had been cholecystectomized earlier, were given 12 mg oestriol orally. Fatty meals were given immediately after drug administration and then at four hourly intervals. Fat was given to induce the bileflow and provide oestriol to the intestine for deconjugation and enterohepatic recycling. One of the non-cholecystectomized women also remained fasting for 24 hours after oestriol administration. Plasma concentrations of unconjugated oestriol were measured by a specific RIA-method. In all women the plasma oestriol levels were considerably elevated for 24 hours. In the non-cholecystectomized women the plasma oestriol levels fluctuated in relation to meals whereas in the cholecystectomized women the fluctuations were not as pronounced, indicating that the release of biliary oestriol metabolites is the source of intestinal degradation and reabsorption to the systemic circulation. Fasting also gave increased and stable plasma oestriol levels. After a high oral dosage of oestriol, the enterohepatic recycling renders oestriol an enhanced potency since the plasma oestriol elevation time is prolonged.


Subject(s)
Cholecystectomy , Estradiol/blood , Liver/metabolism , Menopause , Administration, Oral , Circadian Rhythm , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Estradiol/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Metabolic Clearance Rate , Middle Aged , Radioimmunoassay
15.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) ; 101(2): 248-53, 1982 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6814138

ABSTRACT

Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were studied for possible effects of oestradiol-17 beta on SHBG. No change in SHBG plasma was recorded during normal menstrual cycles or during treatment with oestradiol-17 beta to menopausal women. However, gonadotrophin treatment to amenorrhoeic women to induce ovulation resulted in high oestradiol concentrations and a pronounced increase in SHBG was found during the luteal phase of these cycles. A marked increase of SHBG was also recorded in a woman with pronounced fluctuations of oestradiol during treatment with levonorgestrel sc implants for contraception. In conclusion, effects on SHBG were only found when extraordinarily high levels of plasma oestradiol were recorded.


Subject(s)
Estradiol/pharmacology , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/analysis , Adult , Amenorrhea/blood , Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic/pharmacology , Estradiol/blood , Female , Humans , Levonorgestrel , Menopause , Menotropins/pharmacology , Menstruation , Norgestrel/pharmacology , Ovulation/drug effects , Progesterone/blood
16.
Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) ; 99(1): 136-40, 1982 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7058673

ABSTRACT

A rapid radioimmunoassay, using a specific antiserum against oestriol (Oe3) was developed for the analyses of unconjugated oestriol in post-menopausal women and before and after oral administration of oestriol. One ml plasma was extracted once with 10 ml diethyl ether and assayed without further purification. The plasma levels of oestriol in post-menopausal women appear to be below 5 pg/ml. when 10 ml plasma from a pool was assayed 2.9 pg/ml was found. When 1 ml was assayed from individual patients levels between 10-20 pg was found, which was not different from the plasma blank. A rise in plasma oestriol was found already 15 min after oral administration of 6 mg or 12 mg oestriol (Ovesterin). On the average there was a plasma oestriol peak after 45 min and then a gradual decrease to low levels within 3 to 4 h. It is concluded that oestriol is rapidly absorbed when administered orally. However, the duration of the plasma oestriol elevation is short. Oestriol is rapidly metabolized. The short elevation probably explains the weak oestrogenic effect exerted by oestriol when administered once a day as receptor affinity for oestriol is low.


Subject(s)
Estriol/blood , Administration, Oral , Biological Availability , Estriol/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Menopause , Radioimmunoassay/methods
17.
Maturitas ; 3(2): 125-33, 1981 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6793811

ABSTRACT

Silastic rings releasing approximately 200 microgram of 17beta-oestradiol per day were inserted into the vaginas of 4 post-menopausal women for one to three 21-day periods. Plasma concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol were analysed by radioimmunoassay. The effect of circulating oestrogens on FSH, LH and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels as the well as on the endometrium was studied. During the first 24 h of treatment the plasma oestradiol levels were higher than the oestrone levels. But during the following days of the 21-day periods, the levels of the two oestrogens were almost equal, varying between about 100 and 200 pg/ml plasma, a pattern similar to that seen in fertile women. the release of oestradiol from the ring gave stable plasma oestrogen levels. The FSH and LH levels were clearly depressed while the SHBG levels did not change. Characteristics of oestrogen influence were found in endometrial biopsies. The rings were well accepted and could be inserted and removed easily by the women. Absorption of oestradiol from the vagina is good and more complete than after oral administration allowing lower doses to be used for treatment.


Subject(s)
Estradiol/administration & dosage , Menopause/drug effects , Silicone Elastomers , Vagina/drug effects , Estradiol/blood , Estrone/blood , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Humans , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Radioimmunoassay , Radioimmunosorbent Test
19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6951873

ABSTRACT

Estriol, 0.5 mg, was administered intravaginally as ovula once a day for 16 days to 5 menopausal women. Endometrial biopsies were taken before and after the last day of treatment. Before the treatment scanning electron microscopy showed a typical menopausal uterine surface with sparsely occurring ciliated cells among the non-ciliated ones. The non-ciliated cells possessed a small number of short microvilli. After estriol treatment the ciliated cells occurred more frequently. The cells possessed more numerous and longer microvilli and several non-ciliated cells showed apical protrusions. These changes are considered to be signs of an estrogenic influence. It is concluded that the estriol release from the vaginal ovula is sufficient to induce an estrogenic response in the surface of the uterine epithelium.


Subject(s)
Endometrium/drug effects , Estriol/therapeutic use , Menopause/drug effects , Aged , Endometrium/ultrastructure , Estriol/administration & dosage , Female , Humans , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Middle Aged , Suppositories , Vagina
20.
Ups J Med Sci ; 86(3): 297-307, 1981.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7324289

ABSTRACT

Crystalline oestradiol-17 beta is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Three different fractions and a standard fraction containing oestradiol- 17 beta of a known particle size and surface area, were administered orally, to postmenopausal women, to test if changes in particle size will influence the absorption. The bioavailability of each fraction was determined by measurements of peripheral plasma oestrogens. Two different dosages of the standard fraction were given vaginally to compare the bioavailability after oral and vaginal administration. The gastrointestinal absorption was dependent of the particle size of oestradiol. The smaller particle the more rapid and effective absorption as reflected by increasing area under the plasma concentration curve of oestrone and oestradiol. The smallest particle, however, resulted in a pronounced initial oestradiol peak. The coarser particles were more slowly absorbed with more even plasma oestrogen elevation for a sustained period of time. The vaginal absorption of oestradiol was more effective than the gastrointestinal. When the same amount of an equal preparation according to particle size, was given vaginally the maximal plasma concentration was almost 40 times higher than when given orally.


Subject(s)
Estradiol/administration & dosage , Vagina/metabolism , Absorption , Administration, Oral , Adult , Biological Availability , Estradiol/metabolism , Estrone/blood , Female , Humans , Intestinal Absorption , Menopause , Particle Size , Time Factors
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