ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of early gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) defined fasting glycemia. METHODS: A prospective multicenter study testing fasting venous plasma glucose (FPG) in women aged 18-45 years between 6 and 23+6 weeks of pregnancy in secondary health facilities in Ondo State, Nigeria. Early GDM was defined using the IADPSG threshold for fasting hyperglycemia, and its severity was examined. Potential risk factors for early GDM were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 8915 women who underwent FPG testing, the prevalence of early GDM was 12.5% (11.9%-13.3%). Multivariable analysis identified a dose-response association between body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) and early GDM, with a BMI of 35 or more (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.55) associated with early GDM. Primiparity (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.25-1.76), multiparity (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.47-2.04), and a first-degree family history of diabetes (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.27-2.02) were associated with significantly higher odds of early GDM. CONCLUSION: This study established the prevalence, severity and risk factors for early GDM in a specific country that potentially represents a global region with no previous relevant data.
Subject(s)
Diabetes, Gestational , Pregnancy in Diabetics , Blood Glucose , Diabetes, Gestational/diagnosis , Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology , Fasting , Female , Glucose Tolerance Test , Humans , Pregnancy , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The financial cost of inpatient care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has not been well described in Nigeria; even though, the majority of these patients require inpatient care at the time of diagnosis due to late presentation. This study determined the cost implication of inpatient care among CKD patients in a Kidney Care Center in South-west Nigeria. This was an 18-month descriptive retrospective study. The financial records of the ward, laboratory, dialysis, pharmacy, and dietary services were obtained for each patient during their hospital stay and the sum of these costs was taken as the total direct cost of care. One hundred and twenty- three CKD patients with a male:female ratio of 2.3:1 and mean age of 50 ± 17 years were studied. One hundred and six (86.2%) patients had Stage 5 CKD, 105 (85.4%) had emergency hemodialysis (HD) at presentation and all patients paid out of pocket. The median number of HD sessions and days spent on admission was 4 and 14 days, respectively. The major contributors to the cost of care were total dialysis, ward, and pharmacy expenses with a median total cost of â¦70,000 (US $200), â¦28,000 ($80), and â¦22,230 ($66), respectively. The median total direct cost of inpatient care of CKD was â¦150,770 ($431). The cost of care was higher in those with Stage 5 CKD and diabetic nephropathy. The cost of inpatient care of CKD is beyond the reach of most Nigerians. There is a definite need for the government to include CKD care under the national insurance scheme.
