ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly population in the city of Belém, PA from 2011 to 2015 according to the Living Conditions Index (LCI). This was an epidemiological, descriptive, ecological, and retrospective study involving 1,134 cases. Data were collected through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). For data analysis, we used the incidence coefficient, global and local empirical Bayesian model, Kernel density, and Kernel ratio. The construction of the LCI was based on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) method. The incidence of TB remained the same over the five years studied. No neighborhood was found to have a high incidence of TB and a high LCI, but most of the cases occurred in the south of the city where the neighborhoods with the most precarious conditions are located. Moreover, the lowest incidence was in neighborhoods that historically had better infrastructure. Spatial analysis tools facilitate studies on the dynamics of disease transmission such as TB. In this study, it was shown that TB is heterogeneously distributed throughout the municipality. Living conditions, especially in slums, influenced TB incidence.
Subject(s)
Social Conditions , Tuberculosis , Aged , Bayes Theorem , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Tuberculosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of tuberculosis (TB) in the elderly population in the city of Belém, PA from 2011 to 2015 according to the Living Conditions Index (LCI). This was an epidemiological, descriptive, ecological, and retrospective study involving 1,134 cases. Data were collected through the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). For data analysis, we used the incidence coefficient, global and local empirical Bayesian model, Kernel density, and Kernel ratio. The construction of the LCI was based on the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) method. The incidence of TB remained the same over the five years studied. No neighborhood was found to have a high incidence of TB and a high LCI, but most of the cases occurred in the south of the city where the neighborhoods with the most precarious conditions are located. Moreover, the lowest incidence was in neighborhoods that historically had better infrastructure. Spatial analysis tools facilitate studies on the dynamics of disease transmission such as TB. In this study, it was shown that TB is heterogeneously distributed throughout the municipality. Living conditions, especially in slums, influenced TB incidence.
ABSTRACT
Evolutionary and closer structural relationships are demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis, peptide prediction and molecular modelling between Solanum tuberosum apyrase, Schistosoma mansoni SmATPase 2 and Leishmania braziliensis NDPase. Specific protein domains are suggested to be potentially involved in the immune response, and also seem to be conserved during host and parasite co-evolution. Significant IgG antibody reactivity was observed in sera from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and schistosomiasis using potato apyrase as antigen in ELISA. S. mansoni adult worm or egg, L. braziliensis promastigote (Lb) and Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigote (EPI) have ATP diphosphohydrolases, and antigenic preparations of them were evaluated. In ACL patients, IgG seropositivity was about 43% and 90% for Lb and potato apyrase, respectively, while IgM was lower (40%) or IgG (100%) seropositivity for both soluble egg (SEA) and adult worm (SWAP) antigens was higher than that found for potato apyrase (IgM=10%; IgG=39%). In Chagas disease, IgG seropositivity for EPI and potato apyrase was 97% and 17%, respectively, while the IgM was low (3%) for both antigens. The study of the conserved domains from both parasite proteins and potato apyrase could lead to the development of new drug targets or molecular markers.
