ABSTRACT
Ripretinib (DCC-2618) was designed to inhibit the full spectrum of mutant KIT and PDGFRA kinases found in cancers and myeloproliferative neoplasms, particularly in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), in which the heterogeneity of drug-resistant KIT mutations is a major challenge. Ripretinib is a "switch-control" kinase inhibitor that forces the activation loop (or activation "switch") into an inactive conformation. Ripretinib inhibits all tested KIT and PDGFRA mutants, and notably is a type II kinase inhibitor demonstrated to broadly inhibit activation loop mutations in KIT and PDGFRA, previously thought only achievable with type I inhibitors. Ripretinib shows efficacy in preclinical cancer models, and preliminary clinical data provide proof-of-concept that ripretinib inhibits a wide range of KIT mutants in patients with drug-resistant GISTs.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/genetics , Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics , Animals , CHO Cells , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Cricetulus , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/genetics , HCT116 Cells , Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells , Humans , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Mice, Inbred NOD , Mice, Nude , Mice, SCID , Mutation/drug effects , Mutation/geneticsABSTRACT
Altiratinib (DCC-2701) was designed based on the rationale of engineering a single therapeutic agent able to address multiple hallmarks of cancer (1). Specifically, altiratinib inhibits not only mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression, but also drug resistance mechanisms in the tumor and microenvironment through balanced inhibition of MET, TIE2 (TEK), and VEGFR2 (KDR) kinases. This profile was achieved by optimizing binding into the switch control pocket of all three kinases, inducing type II inactive conformations. Altiratinib durably inhibits MET, both wild-type and mutated forms, in vitro and in vivo. Through its balanced inhibitory potency versus MET, TIE2, and VEGFR2, altiratinib provides an agent that inhibits three major evasive (re)vascularization and resistance pathways (HGF, ANG, and VEGF) and blocks tumor invasion and metastasis. Altiratinib exhibits properties amenable to oral administration and exhibits substantial blood-brain barrier penetration, an attribute of significance for eventual treatment of brain cancers and brain metastases.
Subject(s)
Aminopyridines/pharmacology , Anilides/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Neovascularization, Pathologic , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptor, TIE-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Microenvironment , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors , Aminopyridines/chemistry , Anilides/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Bevacizumab/chemistry , Bevacizumab/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Movement/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Design , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Melanoma, Experimental , Mice , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Monocytes/drug effects , Monocytes/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/chemistry , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism , Receptor, TIE-2/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Stromal Cells/drug effects , Stromal Cells/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism , Xenograft Model Antitumor AssaysABSTRACT
Acquired resistance to ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) through ABL1 kinase domain mutations, particularly the gatekeeper mutant T315I, is a significant problem for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Using structure-based drug design, we developed compounds that bind to residues (Arg386/Glu282) ABL1 uses to switch between inactive and active conformations. The lead "switch-control" inhibitor, DCC-2036, potently inhibits both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ABL1 by inducing a type II inactive conformation, and retains efficacy against the majority of clinically relevant CML-resistance mutants, including T315I. DCC-2036 inhibits BCR-ABL1(T315I)-expressing cell lines, prolongs survival in mouse models of T315I mutant CML and B-lymphoblastic leukemia, and inhibits primary patient leukemia cells expressing T315I in vitro and in vivo, supporting its clinical development in TKI-resistant Ph(+) leukemia.
Subject(s)
Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors , Mutation , Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Drug Design , Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/chemistry , Humans , Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Protein Conformation , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistryABSTRACT
Switch control pocket inhibitors of p38-alpha kinase are described. Durable type II inhibitors were designed which bind to arginines (Arg67 or Arg70) that function as key residues for mediating phospho-threonine 180 dependant conformational fluxing of p38-alpha from an inactive type II state to an active type I state. Binding to Arg70 in particular led to potent inhibitors, exemplified by DP-802, which also exhibited high kinase selectivity. Binding to Arg70 obviated the requirement for binding into the ATP Hinge region. X-ray crystallography revealed that DP-802 and analogs induce an enhanced type II conformation upon binding to either the unphosphorylated or the doubly phosphorylated form of p38-alpha kinase.
Subject(s)
Adenosine Triphosphate/chemistry , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/antagonists & inhibitors , Phenylurea Compounds/chemistry , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Binding Sites , Computer Simulation , Crystallography, X-Ray , HeLa Cells , Humans , Kinetics , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14/metabolism , Phenylurea Compounds/chemical synthesis , Phenylurea Compounds/pharmacology , Phosphorylation , Protein Binding , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of bicyclic piperazine derivatives of triazolotriazine and triazolopyrimidines was synthesized. Some of these analogues show high affinity and excellent selectivity for adenosine A(2a) receptor versus the adenosine A(1) receptor. Structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies based on octahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and octahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrazine with various capping groups are reported. Among these analogues, the most potent and selective A(2a) antagonist 26 h has a K(i) value of 0.2 nM and is 16 500-fold selective with respect to the A(1) receptor. Among a number of compounds tested, compounds 21a and 21c exhibited significantly improved metabolic stability. Compounds 21a, 21c, and 18a showed good oral efficacy in rodent catalepsy models of Parkinson's disease.
Subject(s)
Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Triazines/chemical synthesis , Triazoles/chemical synthesis , Administration, Oral , Animals , Catalepsy/drug therapy , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Stability , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mice , Microsomes, Liver/metabolism , Molecular Structure , Parkinson Disease/drug therapy , Piperazines/chemistry , Piperazines/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Radioligand Assay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Triazines/chemistry , Triazines/pharmacology , Triazoles/chemistry , Triazoles/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Sixty-two congeners of vinblastine (VLB), primarily with modifications of the piperidine ring in the carbomethoxycleavamine moiety of the binary alkaloid, were synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity against murine L1210 leukemia and RCC-2 rat colon cancer cells, and for their ability to inhibit polymerization of microtubular protein at < 10(-6) M, and for induction of spiralization of microtubular protein, and for microtubular disassembly at 10(-4) M concentrations. An ID50 range of >10(7) M concentrations was found for L1210 inhibition by these compounds, with the most active 1000x as potent as vinblastine.
