ABSTRACT
Many refugees experience severely stressful events in their home countries, during migration and occasionally even after arrival in the country of destination. The individual reactions not only influence the mental health but also somatic well being. Traumatic events may have an essential impact on psychosocial functioning; moreover, the social circumstances during the integration process influence mental stability. Physicians play an important role in identifying possible traumatization and subsequently guiding towards adequate treatment; hence, the healthcare of refugees should regularly include psychosomatic and psychotraumatological aspects. Knowledge of screening instruments, trauma-informed care and interpreter-assisted communication are necessary to meet required standards.
Subject(s)
Communicable Diseases/diagnosis , Refugees/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Stress, Psychological/therapy , Transients and Migrants/psychology , Communication Barriers , Germany , Health Services Accessibility , Humans , Internal Medicine/methods , Internal Medicine/organization & administration , Mandatory Testing/methods , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Vulnerable Populations/psychologyABSTRACT
We present a spectral phase unwrapping approach for grating-based differential phase-contrast data where the unwrapped interferometer phase shift is estimated from energy discriminated measurements using maximum likelihood principles. We demonstrate the method on tomographic data sets of a test specimen taken at different x-ray energies using synchrotron radiation. The proposed unwrapping technique was demonstrated to successfully correct the data set for phase wrapping.
Subject(s)
Algorithms , Radiographic Image Enhancement/methods , Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , X-Ray Diffraction/methods , Likelihood Functions , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Assay methods based on gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) may be used to measure PE1N (pentaerithrityl mononitrate, CAS 1607-00-7), PE2N (pentaerithrityl dinitrate, CAS 1607-01-8) and intermediate pentaerithrityltrinitrate (PE3N, CAS 1607-17-6) in human plasma. Based on this method a simplified method to quantify the metabolites of PETN (pentaerithrityl tetranitrate, CAS 78-11-5, Pentalong) is described. In the present study a consistent method to extract the metabolites of human plasma and following derivatisation is described. Since PE1N can be quantified up to 150 ng/ml, PE2N and PE3N up to 30 ng/ml in human plasma, a dilution of the plasma samples can be avoided. The mean recovery rate is not so high as in other described methods, and inaccuracy is about 10%. Therefore a calibration range between 0.2-30 ng/ml of PE2N and 1-150 ng/ml of PE1N has to be considered. The described method offers an alternative and applicable option to quantify the PETN-metabolites and elucidate their part as NO-donors.
