Building Interest in Cardiothoracic Surgery at an Osteopathic Medical School: Results of an Institutional Study and a Guide for Medical Schools.

Objective A previous study at this institution revealed a connection between interest group involvement and specialty interest while identifying the negative perceptions of cardiothoracic (CT) surgery. This study aimed to build interest and ameliorate the negative perceptions of CT surgery by exposing pre-clinical students to the field through engaging events. Methods Students at a US osteopathic institution who attended CT surgery committee events were invited to complete an online survey after each event. Associations between the number of events attended and ranked responses to survey questions were assessed by two-tailed Spearman correlations. Statistical comparisons in ranked responses between the events attended and the survey questions were assessed by a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pre-clinical students actively enrolled at the institution during the 2022-2023 academic year were eligible for inclusion. Results There were 83 surveys completed over seven events. There was a significant association between the number of events a student attended and their perception of CT surgeon's work/life balance with a correlation coefficient of .258 (P=0.019) and whether CT surgeons have time for their families with a correlation coefficient of .235 (P=0.035). Residents and medical student events as well as wet lab events increased interest the most and helped students feel equipped to apply for CT surgery. Conclusions While negative perceptions associated with CT surgery exist, these may be ameliorated with more exposure to the field. Unique events that expose pre-clinical students to multiple facets of CT surgery, including physicians and trainees in the field, as well as offering hands-on activities, may increase interest in the field and further pursuit of the field during clinical years.

Using exhaled carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin to evaluate the effectiveness of a chimney stove model in Peru.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of biological indicators of physiological change may be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of stove models, which are intended to reduce indoor smoke exposure and potential health effects. OBJECTIVES: We examined changes in exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), percentage carboxy-hemoglobin, and total hemoglobin in response to the installation of a chimney stove model by the Juntos National Program in Huayatan, Peru in 2008. METHODS: Biomarkers were measured in a convenience sample comprising 35 women who met requirements for participation, and were measured before and three weeks after installation of a chimney stove. The relationships between exposure to indoor smoke and biomarker measurements were also analyzed using simple linear regression models. RESULTS: Exhaled CO reduced from 6.71 ppm (95% CI 5.84-7.71) to 3.14 ppm (95% CI 2.77-3.66) three weeks after stove installation (P < 0.001) while % COHb reduced from 1.76% (95% CI 1.62-1.91) to 1.18% (95% CI 1.12-1.25; P < 0.001). Changes in exhaled CO and % COHb from pre- to post-chimney stove installation were not correlated with corresponding changes in exposure to CO and PM2.5 even though the exposures also reduced after stove installation. CONCLUSION: Exhaled CO and % COHb both showed improvement with reduction in concentration after the installation of the chimney cook stoves, indicating a positive physiological response subsequent to the intervention.

Testing the effectiveness of two improved cookstove interventions in the Santiago de Chuco Province of Peru.

90% of people residing in rural areas of less-developed countries rely on coal and biomass fuels for heating and cooking, leading to high exposures to the products of incomplete combustion. Three Andean communities within the Santiago de Chuco province of Peru received two different models of improved cookstoves. The impact of these stoves in reducing personal exposures and kitchen concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and carbon monoxide (CO) was evaluated separately in 64 homes (32 with each stove model) using air monitoring equipment. In the community receiving stove 1, baseline aggregate 48-h personal exposure (n=27) and kitchen concentrations (n=26) of PM(2.5) were 116.4 and 207.3µg/m(3), respectively, and 48-h personal (n=25) and kitchen (n=25) CO levels were 1.2 and 3.6ppm. After introducing the new stove to this community, those exposures reduced to 68.4 and 84.7µg/m(3), and 0.4 and 0.8ppm, representing reductions of 41.3%, 59.2%, 69.6% and 77.7% respectively. In the two communities receiving stove 2, corresponding levels were 126.3µg/m(3) (n=18), 173.4µg/m(3) (n=19), 0.9ppm (n=19), and 2.6ppm (n=17) before the installation of the stoves, and they reduced to 58.3, 51.1µg/m(3) and 0.6, 1.0ppm. Overall, homes receiving stove 2 saw reductions of 53.8, 70.5, 25.8 and 63.6%. All values are statistically significant (p<0.05) with the exception of personal CO reductions in the stove 2 group. Both stoves markedly reduce both kitchen and personal levels of wood smoke exposure, which we believe has the potential to improve health and quality of life.

Evaluation of exposure reduction to indoor air pollution in stove intervention projects in Peru by urinary biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites.

Burning biomass fuels such as wood on indoor open-pit stoves is common in developing regions. In such settings, exposure to harmful combustion products such as fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), carbon monoxide (CO) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of concern. We aimed to investigate if the replacement of open pit stoves by improved stoves equipped with a chimney would significantly reduce exposure to PAHs, PM(2.5) and CO. Two stove projects were evaluated in Peru. Program A was part of the Juntos National Program in which households built their own stoves using materials provided. In Program B, Barrick Gold Corporation hired a company to produce and install the stoves locally. A total of 30 and 27 homes participated in Program A and B, respectively. We collected personal and kitchen air samples, as well as morning urine samples from women tasked with cooking in the households before and after the installation of the improved stoves. Median levels of PM(2.5) and CO were significantly reduced in kitchen and personal air samples by 47-74% after the installation of the new stoves, while the median reduction of 10 urinary hydroxylate PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) was 19%-52%. The observed OH-PAH concentration in this study was comparable or higher than the 95th percentile of the general U.S. population, even after the stove intervention, indicating a high overall exposure in this population.