Evaluation of a Multimodal Approach to Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Flank Incision in the Urology Operating Room.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated subcutaneous (sc) morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control after radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision. METHODS: Forty-nine patients under The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (ASA) I-III aged 18-85 years undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision were included in this prospective, randomised study. The patients were divided into two groups (Group O [n=25] and Group M [n=24]) and received standard general anaesthesia. Tramadol (100 mg) and paracetamol (100 mg) were given intravenously before fascia closure and 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine was injected locally at surgical incisions in all patients. Patients in Group M also received 0.1 mg kg(-1) morphine subcutaneously. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol was used for postoperative pain control in both groups. Postoperative pain scores (VAS), vital parameters, side effects, the need for rescue analgesia during 24 hours postoperatively, and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, ASA status, and duration of surgery. There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative PCA tramadol consumption, rescue analgesia, side effects, or vital parameters. Postoperative pain scores (VAS) in Group M were significantly lower at 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes compared to Group O (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision, subcutaneous morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia decreases early postoperative pain scores compared to multimodal analgesia alone.

The effect of head rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45° laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45° laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45° laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.

Efeito da rotação da cabeça na pressão intraocular em decúbito ventral: estudo randomizado / The effect of head Rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial / Efecto de la rotación de la cabeza en la presión intraocular en decúbito ventral: estudio aleatorio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A elevação da pressão intraocular (PIO), que diminui a pressão de perfusão do nervo óptico, é aumentada pelo posicionamento em decúbito ventral. O objetivo de nosso estudo foi comparar o efeito da rotação lateral da cabeça a 45º em decúbito ventral no aumento da PIO de olhos posicionados para cima e olhos posicionados para baixo em pacientes submetidos à nefrolitotomia percutânea (NLPC). MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em dois grupos. A PIO dos pacientes foi registrada bilateralmente em posição supina antes do início da operação. Os pacientes foram posicionados em decúbito ventral. A cabeça foi posicionada sobre um apoio sem compressão externa direta em ambos os olhos. Os pacientes do Grupo I foram estritamente mantidos em pronação neutra, enquanto os pacientes do Grupo II foram posicionados em pronação com rotação da cabeça a 45º para o lado direito. No fim da operação, os pacientes foram reposicionados em decúbito dorsal e a PIO foi imediatamente medida. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os dados demográficos, na duração da cirurgia, perda de sangue e reposição de líquido dos pacientes. Os valores pós-cirúrgicos da PIO em decúbito ventral aumentaram significativamente em comparação com os valores pré-operatórios em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05). Após a cirurgia em decúbito ventral, os valores da PIO nos olhos posicionados para cima no Grupo II foram significativamente menores do que no Grupo I e nos olhos posicionados para baixo no Grupo II (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A posição em decúbito ventral aumenta a PIO. Nos pacientes posicionados em decúbito ventral com rotação lateral da cabeça a 45º, a PIO nos olhos posicionados para cima foi significativamente menor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45o laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45º laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45o laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La elevación de la presión intraocular (PIO), que disminuye la presión de perfusión del nervio óptico, es aumentada por el posicionamiento en decúbito ventral. El objetivo de nuestro estudio, fue comparar el efecto de la rotación lateral de la cabeza a 45o en decúbito ventral en el aumento de la PIO de ojos posicionados hacia arriba y ojos posicionados hacia abajo en pacientes sometidos a la nefrolitotomia percutánea (NLPC). MÉTODOS: Cuarenta y cinco pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en dos grupos. La PIO de los pacientes fue registrada bilateralmente en posición supina antes del inicio de la operación. Los pacientes fueron posicionados en decúbito ventral. La cabeza fue posicionada sobre un apoyo sin compresión externa directa en ambos ojos. Los pacientes del Grupo I fueron estrictamente mantenidos en pronación neutra, mientras que los pacientes del Grupo II fueron posicionados en pronación con rotación de la cabeza a 45º hacia el lado derecho. Al final de la operación, los pacientes fueron reposicionados en supinación y la PIO fue inmediatamente medida. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia entre los datos demográficos, la duración de la cirugía, la pérdida de sangre y la reposición de líquido de los pacientes. Los valores postquirúrgicos de la PIO en decúbito ventral aumentaron significativamente en comparación con los valores preoperatorios en ambos grupos (p < 0,05). Después de la cirugía en decúbito ventral, los valores de la PIO en los ojos posicionados hacia arriba en el Grupo II fueron significativamente menores que en el Grupo I y en los ojos posicionados hacia abajo en el Grupo II (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La posición en decúbito ventral aumenta la PIO. En los pacientes posicionados en decúbito ventral con rotación lateral de la cabeza a 45o, la PIO en los ojos posicionados hacia arriba fue significativamente menor.

Comparison of 75 and 150 µg doses of intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after transurethral resection of the prostate under spinal anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: The administration of single dose intrathecal (IT) morphine with local anesthetics during spinal anesthesia produces an effective postoperative analgesia. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of two different doses of IT morphine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Urology Department. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Sixty patients who were scheduled to undergo TURP with spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Patients were allocated to receive IT morphine (75 µg) with bupivacaine heavy (group I) and IT morphine (150 µg) with bupivacaine heavy (group II). Postoperative pain was evaluated by Visual Analogous Scale during 24 hours. The need for rescue analgesia, adverse effects and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data. VAS scores were similarly low in both groups. However, the request for analgesia was significantly higher in group I (27 percent) than group II (7 percent; p = 0.04). The incidence of postoperative nausea was similarly low in both groups. No patients reported pruritis in group I where as six patients (20 percent) reported mild pruritis not necessitating treatment in group II (p = 0.036) Patients satisfaction was similarly high in both the groups. CONCLUSIONS: IT morphine 150 µg reduced the need for rescue analgesia compared to IT morphine 75 µg in patients undergoing TURP under spinal anesthesia. As the incidence of pruritis was low with no treatment, IT morphine 150 µg may be a suitable dose for postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing TURP under spinal anesthesia.

The effect of head rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45° laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45° laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45° laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.