Adventive Larval Parasitoids Reconstruct Their Close Association with Spotted-Wing Drosophila in the Invaded North American Range.

Two species of larval parasitoids of the globally invasive fruit pest, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Leptopilina japonica, and Ganaspis brasiliensis (both Hymenoptera: Figitidae), were detected in British Columbia, Canada in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Both are presumed to have been unintentionally introduced from Asia; however, the extent of their establishment across different habitats with diverse host plants used by D. suzukii was unclear. In addition, there was no knowledge of the temporal dynamics of parasitism of D. suzukii by these two parasitoids. To address these gaps, we repeatedly sampled the fruits of known host plants of D. suzukii over the entire 2020 growing season in British Columbia. We documented the presence of L. japonica and G. brasiliensis and estimated the apparent percentage of D. suzukii parasitized among host plant species. Across a large region of southwestern British Columbia, both L. japonica and G. brasiliensis were found to be very common across a variety of mostly unmanaged habitats over the entire course of the season (May-October) in the fruits of most host plants known to host D. suzukii larvae. Parasitism of D. suzukii was variable (0-66% percent parasitism) and appeared to be time-structured. Our study demonstrates that the close association between the two larval parasitoids and D. suzukii that exists in Asia has evidently been reconstructed in North America, resulting in the highest parasitism levels of D. suzukii yet recorded outside of its area of origin.

Riesgos adquiridos por el consumo de fármacos que disminuyen la capacidad de conducción / Risks acquired by the drug consumption that diminishes the ability to drive

Si el 10% de los accidentes de tráfico pueden relacionarse con el consumo de sustancias farmacológicas, deberíamos reflexionar sobre la correcta información que las personas poseen sobre los medicamentos que consumen. Recogemos, desde la información de varias fuentes farmacológicas, los efectos adversos más destacados de los principios activos de uso cotidiano que pueden mermar las capacidades psicofísicas de los individuos que ejercen la conducción. La conclusión que obtenemos es la importancia de la correcta información y de la individualización de los tratamientos, por parte de los profesionales sanitarios, del facultativo previa a la prescripción del medicamento, del farmacéutico y de la enfermera en cada usuario en el correcto uso de dicha información a la hora de conducir un vehículo (AU)

Given that 10%& of traffic accidents are related to the consumption of pharmacological substances, we should consider the information that people receive about the medicines they consume. This paper gathers, form the information of several pharmacological sources,the most distinguished adverse effects from the active principles of daily use that can reduce the drivers´psychophysical capacities. The conclusion that we obtain is the importance of the corrct information and individualization of medical treatments, on the part of the sanitary professionals, the doctor before giving his order, the pharmacist and the nurse in each of their functions, as well as the responsibility of every patient in the correct use of the mentioned information at the moment of driving a vehicle (AU)