ABSTRACT
Objective: The Visual Short-Term Memory Binding (VSTMB) Test is a useful tool in the assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research has suggested that short-term memory binding is insensitive to the sociocultural characteristics of the assessed individuals. Such earlier studies addressed this influence by considering years of education. The current study aims to determine the influence of sociocultural factors via a measure of Socioeconomic Status (SES) which provides a more holistic approach to these common confounders. Methods: A sample of 126 older adults, both with (n = 59) and without (n = 67) amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), underwent assessment using a neuropsychological protocol including VSTMB test. All participants were classified as either high SES or low SES, employing the Standard Demographic Classification from the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research. Results: ANOVA/ANCOVA models confirmed that performance of healthy and aMCI participants on traditional neuropsychological tests were sensitive to SES whereas the VSTMB Test was not. The results add to the growing array of evidence suggesting that there are cognitive abilities which are unaffected by socioeconomic factors, regardless of clinical condition. Conclusions: The lack of sensitivity to sociocultural factors previously reported for the VSTMB test is accompanied by a lack of sensitivity to socioeconomic factors thus broadening the scope of this test to aid in the detection of dementia across populations with different backgrounds. Future studies should take these findings forward and explore the potential influences of AD biomarkers (A/T/N) on the association between cognitive functions and demographic variables.
Subject(s)
Cognitive Dysfunction , Memory, Short-Term , Neuropsychological Tests , Social Class , Humans , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Male , Female , Aged , Memory, Short-Term/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Aged, 80 and over , Middle AgedABSTRACT
En Colombia se regula y controla sanitariamente la actividad avícola; por ello los criadores de gallos de pelea deberían regirse; pero hasta la fecha no se han realizado estudios sobre las medidas de bioseguridad que implementan, lo cual se convierte en una creciente preocupación por el impacto sanitario que puede tener sobre la industria avícola. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el conocimiento y la aplicación de las normas de bioseguridad en criaderos de gallos de pelea (Gallus gallus) del municipio de Yacuanquer, Nariño, Colombia, según lo reglamentado en la Resolución 3642 del 21 de agosto de 2013, expedida por el Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se encuestaron 157 criadores, de los cuales el 88,54 % desconoce el concepto de bioseguridad y no controla el ingreso de personal ajeno a la explotación; el 61,15 % no desinfecta locaciones; el 100 % no mantiene pediluvios a la entrada de la explotación ni realizan labores de desinfección de los automóviles; solo el 23,57 % realiza vacío sanitario dentro de sus criaderos y el 63,7 % no instaura un periodo de cuarentena a los nuevos ejemplares que adquieren; el 64,33 % no vacuna y el 98,09 % no cuenta con asesoría veterinaria. En conclusión, se pudo establecer que los criadores de gallos de pelea en Yacuanquer desconocen y no han implementado medidas de bioseguridad, lo que representa un factor de riesgo para la industria avícola de la región.
The poultry industry in Colombia is sanitarily controlled and regulated; therefore, gamecock breeding farms should be regulated, but to this moment there are no studies about the biosecurity measurements implemented, which is a growing concern due to the sanitary impact this might have on the poultry industry. The goal of this work was to assess the knowledge and application of biosecurity norms in gamecock (Gallus gallus) breeding farms from the Yacuanquer municipality, in Nariño, Colombia, as regulated by Resolution 3642 of August 21st of 2013, issued by the Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. 157 breeders were surveyed, from which 88.54% does not recognize the biosecurity concept and does not control the entrance of people not related to the farm; 61.15% does not disinfect locations; 100% does not keep a pediluvium at the entrance of the farm nor do they carry out disinfection procedures for their vehicles; only 23.57% does a sanitary break inside their breeding farms and 63.7% does not put a quarantine period in place for the new specimens they acquire; 64.33% does not vaccinate and 98.09% does not have any veterinary advice. In conclusion, it was established that gamecock breeders in Yacuanquer do not know and have not implemented biosecurity measurements, which represents a risk factor for the poultry industry of the region.
Na Colômbia a atividade avícola é sanitariamente controlada e regulada; por isso, os criadores de galos de briga deveriam ser controlados, mas até a presente data não se há realizado estudos sobre as medidas de biosseguridade implementadas, o que se transforma em uma crescente preocupação pelo impacto sanitário que possa ter sobre a indústria avícola. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o conhecimento e a aplicação das normas de biosseguridade em criadouros de galos de briga (Gallusgallus) do município de Yacuanquer, no Departamento de Nariño, na Colômbia, segundo o regulamentado na Resolução 3642 de 21 de agosto de 2013, expedida pelo Instituto Colombiano Agropecuário. Foi realizada uma enquete com 157 criadores, dos quais o 88,54 % desconhece o conceito de biosseguridade e não controla o ingresso de pessoal alheio à exploração; o 61,15 % não desinfeta as locações; o 100 % não mantém pedilúvios na entrada da exploração nem realiza trabalhos de desinfecção dos automóveis; solo o 23,57 % realiza vazio sanitário dentro de seus criadouros e o 63,7 % não instaura um período de quarentena aos novos exemplares adquiridos; o 64,33 % não vacina e o 98,09 % não conta com assessoria veterinária. Em conclusão, pôde-se estabelecer que os criadores de galos de briga em Yacuanquer nem conhecem nem implementaram medidas de biosseguridade, o que representa um fator de risco para a indústria avícola da região.