The importance of the incidental thyroid gland uptake during Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of study was to investigate whether incidental thyroid gland uptake had an important during Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the presented study, 968 consecutive patients were evaluated for the presence or absence of thyroid gland uptake in the raw data of the Tc-99m MIBI SPECT. All of the patients had thyroid gland uptake of the Tc-99m MIBI underwent laboratory evaluation of thyroid function, ultrasonographic imaging, and hystopathological examination. RESULTS: The thyroid gland uptake was detected in 14 of 968 (1.4%) consecutive patients during the evaluation of raw images of Tc-99m MIBI SPECT studies. Among these 14 patients, 4 had subacute thyroiditis, 7 multinodular goiter, 3 Graves disease by ultrasonographic imaging and hystopathological examination. TSH levels of all of these patients were < 0.01 U/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Tc-99m MIBI uptake by thyroid gland has been explained with associated clinical thyrotoxicosis. Although the primary goal of myocardial perfusion imaging is the evaluation of myocardial perfusion, the interpretation of myocardial perfusion imaging should not be limited to the heart. Because, it is possible to observe extracardiac radioactivity accumulation, which may then lead to the diagnosis of a noncardiac disease during this detailed examination.

Liver involvement in patients with brucellosis: results of the Marmara study.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that primarily affects the reticuloendothelial system. But, the extent of liver damage in due course of the disease is unclear. This study included 325 brucellosis patients with significant hepatobiliary involvement identified with microbiological analyses from 30 centers between 2000 and 2013. The patients with ≥5 times of the upper limit of normal for aminotransferases, total bilirubin level ≥2 mg/dl or local liver lesions were enrolled. Clinical hepatitis was detected in 284 patients (87.3 %) and cholestasis was detected in 215 (66.1 %) patients. Fatigue (91 %), fever (86 %), sweating (83 %), arthralgia (79 %), and lack of appetite (79 %) were the major symptoms. Laboratory tests showed anemia in 169 (52 %), thrombocytopenia in 117 (36 %), leukopenia in 81 (25 %), pancytopenia in 42 (13 %), and leukocytosis in 20 (6 %) patients. The most commonly used antibiotic combinations were doxycycline plus an aminoglycoside (n = 73), doxycycline plus rifampicin (n = 71), doxycycline plus rifampicin and an aminoglycoside (n = 27). The duration of ALT normalization differed significantly in three treatment groups (p < 0.001). The use of doxycycline and an aminoglycoside in clinical hepatitis showed better results compared to doxycycline and rifampicin or rifampicin, aminoglycoside, doxycycline regimens (p < 0.05). However, the length of hospital stay did not differ significantly between these three combinations (p > 0.05). During the follow-up, treatment failure occurred in four patients (1 %) and relapse was seen in three patients (0.9 %). Mortality was not observed. Hepatobiliary involvement in brucellosis has a benign course with suitable antibiotics and the use of doxycycline and an aminoglycoside regimen seems a better strategy in select patients.

Ischaemia-modified albumin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention reflects albumin concentration rather than ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is accepted as a model of myocardial ischaemia in studies of ischaemia markers, especially of ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA). However, there is concern that IMA levels may reflect changes in albumin concentrations rather than myocardial ischaemia also during PCI. METHODS: Twenty-one consecutive patients (17 men and 4 women) undergoing single-vessel percutaneous coronary angioplasty were enrolled in the study. IMA and albumin levels were measured together with myoglobin, creatine kinase 2 and cardiac troponin I, before (Group 1), immediately after (Group 2) and 6 h after (Group 3) the procedure of PCI. RESULTS: The IMA levels of Group 2 were significantly higher than those of Group 1 and Group 3 (P < 0.05 for both). However, correction of IMA by multiplying with the (individual albumin concentration of the patient/median albumin concentration of Group 1) ratio gave no statistical differences between the groups (P > 0.05). There were strong negative correlations between IMA levels and albumin concentrations within individual groups (r = -0.757, P < 0.001; r = -0.712, P < 0.001; and r = -0.705, P < 0.001 for Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively). CONCLUSION: The results confirm the close dependency of IMA results on albumin concentrations. Therefore, IMA results reflect albumin concentrations rather than myocardial ischaemia also in PCI. This situation and lack of standard reference materials for the albumin cobalt binding assay can lessen the diagnostic performance of IMA.

Cardiac functions by myocardial performance index and QT dispersion in survivors of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia.

AIM: Childhood leukaemia treatment contains multiple chemotherapeutic agents in high doses that can cause severe toxic effects on heart and other vital organs. In this respect patients taking cancer chemotherapy are followed for these adverse effects. Echocardiographic myocardial performance index (MPI) was reported as a new method of combined systolic and diastolic function for both adults and children, calculated as isovolumic relaxation time plus isovolumic contraction time divided by ejection time. In addition, it has been postulated that increased inter-lead differences in QT interval (QT dispersion) may be associated with an increased risk of cardiac death. The aim of this study was to determine the probable immediate and late adverse effects of childhood leukaemia treatment containing moderate dose of anthracyclines on heart by MPI and corrected QT dispersion (QTcD). METHODS: MPI and QTcD in 55 children with leukaemia and 38 healthy controls matched for age and sex were evaluated. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between MPI values of patients and controls (20.7+/-13.1 (1-59.4) and 16.1+/-13.5 (0.3-77.5), P: 0.1, respectively). Also, there was no significant difference in MPI and QTc values between patients taking active treatment and those who completed the therapy and between the patients given a cumulative dose of anthracycline lower and higher than 250 mg/m2. But QTcD values were found to be higher in patients than controls (0.08+/-0.03 and 0.03+/-0.01, P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was no overt cardiotoxicity in our children with leukaemia treated with protocols of ALL BFM 95 and TRALL 2000 (Modified BFM in Turkey) containing moderate dose of anthracyclines. However, they can cause subclinical cardiotoxicity and further monitoring and evaluation with such sensitive and noninvasive methods over a longer period of time are needed.

Role of novel mediators of inflammation in left ventricular remodeling in patients with acute myocardial infarction: do they affect the outcome of patients?

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major mechanism for cardiovascular death and disability. A significant number of post-MI patients develop progressive left ventricular enlargement and heart failure and many require heart transplantation and ventricular assist devices. Understanding of the basic mechanisms regulating the reaction to injury is crucial for the development of site-specific cell biological strategies of intervention to both reduce injury and promote repair. To determine whether there are new inflammatory markers having a role in structural remodeling after AMI in patients who applied to the emergency department of this hospital with severe chest pain at the first 12 hours, the authors measured the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) in patients with AMI at hospital admission and on day 5. They measured plasma CRP concentrations by using highly sensitive CRP reagent with the immunonephelometric method, and plasma M-CSF and IL-3 concentrations with the help of a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay test in 30 patients with AMI. Mean plasma CRP, M-CSF, and IL-3 concentrations at admission to the hospital were significantly higher than those on day 5 (5.0 -/+ 3.1 mg/dL, 119.4 -/+ 103.6 pg/mL, and 155.1 -/+ 83.4 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001 for each value). CRP, M-CSF, and IL-3 were all increased in patients with AMI. These findings suggest that these are new inflammatory markers, which may have important roles in LV remodeling after AMI.

Sinopulmonary aspergillosis in children with hematological malignancy.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a serious infectious complication in immunocompromised especially neutropenic patients. Despite improvements in early diagnosis and effective treatment, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is still a devastating opportunistic infection. These infections also interfere with the anticancer treatment. We report our experience in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of sinopulmonary aspergillosis in 4 children with hematologic malignancy. All patients except the first were neutropenic when sinopulmonary aspergillosis was diagnosed. Clinical signs included fever, cough, respiratory distress, swallowing difficulty, headache, facial pain-edema and hard palate necrosis. Radiodiagnostic methods showed bilateral multiple nodular infiltrations, soft tissue densities filling all the paranasal sinuses, and bronchiectasis. Diagnosis of aspergillosis was established by bronchoalveolar lavage in one case, tissue biopsy, positive sputum and positive cytology, respectively, in the other 3 cases. One patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B and other 3 cases were treated with liposomal amphotericin B + itraconozole. Outcome was favorable in all cases except the one who died due to respiratory failure. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment and primary disease status are important factors on prognosis of Aspergillus infections in children with hematological malignancy.

Increased thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count in patients with myocardial infarction and normal coronary arteriogram: a possible link between slow coronary flow and myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count is a simple clinical tool for assessing quantitative indexes of coronary blood flow. This technique counts the number of cineangiographic frames from initial contrast opacification of the proximal coronary artery to opacification of distal arterial landmarks. We hypothesized that patients with normal coronary artery (NCA) and myocardial infarction (MI) might have impaired coronary flow. Accordingly, we assessed the TIMI frame counts of patients with NCA and MI and compared to patients with NCA and without MI. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This retrospective study included consecutive patients with MI and who were found to have normal coronary angiograms performed between 1999 and 2003. Fifty patients (group I) with NCA and MI were enrolled in the study. Fifty consecutive patients with NCA and without MI were also enrolled in the study as control group (group II). Mean time interval between MI and coronary angiography was 6 +/- 2 days. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between groups I and II in respect to gender (11 females (22%) versus 22 females (44%), p = 0.003, respectively) and smoking status (62% (31/50) versus 38% (19/50), p = 0.02). Comparison of TIMI frame counts between two groups revealed that group I patients had significantly higher TIMI frame counts than group two patients for all three coronary arteries (LAD: 40 +/- 12 versus 23 +/- 7, Cx: 47 +/- 14 versus 27 +/- 7, RCA: 36 +/- 10 versus 26 +/- 10, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). Smokers were significantly younger when compared to non-smokers (44 +/- 5 years versus 51 +/- 9 years, p = 0.008, respectively). TIMI frame counts of smokers did not significantly differ from those of non-smokers in group I patients. There were statistically significant differences between smokers and non-smokers in group II patients regarding TIMI frame counts for all three coronary arteries (LAD: 29 +/- 7 versus 18 +/- 3, LCX: 34 +/- 10 versus 22 +/- 4, RCA: 34+ /- 13 versus 20 +/- 4, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSION: We have shown that patients with MI and NCA have higher TIMI frame counts for all coronary arteries when compared to patients without MI and NCA. Absence of difference between smokers and non-smoker in the myocardial infarction group in respect to TIMI frame count, has suggested that smoking does not lead to further increase of TIMI frame counts. On the other hand, in patients without MI and with NCA, smokers have higher TIMI frame counts than non-smokers have.

Risk factors for ICU-acquired imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Intensive care units (ICUs) are high-risk areas for infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study investigated the risk factors for ICU-acquired imipenem-resistant Gram-negative infections. It was conducted prospectively in three surgical ICUs and one medical ICU from April to December 2002. ICU-acquired Gram-negative infections were found in 128 patients. Of these, 42 had imipenem-resistant and 86 had imipenem-sensitive Gram-negative bacteria as the cause of infection. According to the univariate analysis results, hospital stay before ICU admission, hospitalization period before ICU admission, length of ICU stay, surgical ICU stay, surgical operation and previous antibiotic use were significant risk factors for the acquisition of imipenem-resistant infections. In the multivariate analysis, length of ICU stay, surgical operation and previous carbapenem use were independently associated with imipenem resistance.

Evaluation of antibiotic use in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Turkey.

The object of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic use in relation to diagnosis and bacteriological findings in the intensive care units (ICUs) of a 1100-bed referral and tertiary care hospital with an antibiotic restriction policy in Turkey. Between June and December 2002, patients who received antibiotics in the medical and surgical ICUs were evaluated prospectively. Two infectious diseases (ID) specialists assessed the antibiotics ordered daily. Of the 368 patients admitted to the ICUs, 223 (60.6%) received 440 antibiotics. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were first-generation cephalosporins (16.1%), third-generation cephalosporins (15.2%), aminoglycosides (12.1%), carbapenems (10.7%) and ampicillin-sulbactam (8.7%). Antibiotic use was inappropriate in 47.3% of antibiotics. ID specialists recommended the use of 47% of all antibiotics. An antibiotic order without an ID consultation was more likely to be inappropriate [odds ratio (OR)=13.2, P<0.001, confidence intervals (CI)=4.4-39.5]. Antibiotics ordered empirically were found to be less appropriate than those ordered with evidence of culture and susceptibility results (OR=3.8, P=0.038, CI=1.1-13.1). Inappropriate antibiotic use was significantly higher in patients who had surgical interventions (OR=3.6, P=0.025, CI=1.2-10.8). Irrational antibiotic use was high for unrestricted antibiotics. In particular, antibiotic use was inappropriate in surgical ICUs. Additional interventions such as postgraduate training programmes and elaboration of local guidelines could be beneficial.

Permanent myocardial dysfunction caused by high-voltage electrical injury--a case report.

Electrical injury, particularly alternating current, may lead to disease of conducting tissue or to myocardial damage, or even may cause sudden death. In the present case, the authors report a 22-year-old man who sustained extensive upper extremity trauma from a high-voltage electrical injury and manifested clinical signs of left ventricular heart failure.

Levels of soluble adhesion molecules in various clinical presentations of coronary atherosclerosis.

Adhesion molecules play an important role in the development and course of coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, soluble forms of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin were evaluated in patients with various clinical presentations of coronary atherosclerosis and compared them to those with angiographically documented normal coronary arteries. Venous plasma samples were collected from 43 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 45 with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), 34 with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and 29 subjects with normal coronary arteries (control). The VCAM-1 level was significantly higher in patients with AMI (mean +/- SEM; 799.8 +/- 26.3 ng/ml) than those with UAP (644.2 +/- 26.7 ng/ml) and SAP (526 +/- 32.5 ng/ml) and controls (270 +/- 26.8 ng/ml). In patients with UAP, VCAM-1 was found to be significantly elevated as compared to the SAP group and controls. VCAM-1 level was also higher in SAP group than the controls. Serum levels ICAM-1 were similar among patients with AMI (424.1 +/- 15.2 ng/ml), UAP (403 +/- 12.3 ng/ml) and SAP (381.2 +/- 16.2 ng/ml); however, levels of ICAM-1 was significantly elevated in these groups as compared to the controls (244.3 +/- 11). The mean level of E-selectin was not different in AMI and UAP groups (47.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 42.6 +/- 2.1 ng/ml; respectively). However, it was significantly higher in acute coronary syndrome groups as compared to SAP (33.4 +/- 2.3 ng/ml) and control subjects (30.7 +/- 1.9 ng/ml). Serum levels of E-selectin were similar in SAP group and controls. For P-selectin, no significant difference was observed between AMI and UAP groups (187.5 +/- 7.2 vs. 181.7 +/- 4.7 ng/ml; respectively), however, it was significantly higher in both groups as compared to SAP group (146.1 +/- 7.4 ng/ml) and controls (108 +/- 6.6 ng/ml). Serum level of P-selectin was significantly higher in patients with SAP than the control group. In conclusion, determination of serum VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin levels seems more useful for detecting coronary plaque destabilization.

Decreased platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess the changes in platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with mitral stenosis (MS) and sinus rhythm (SR) following percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV). BACKGROUND: Systemic thromboembolism is a serious complication in patients with valvular heart disease, and its incidence is highest in those with mitral stenosis. A hypercoagulable state has also been reported in patients with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm. A recent study has shown that patients with previous PMBV had a lower incidence of thromboembolism. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was conducted in 21 patients (two men, 19 women, mean age=34+/-6 years) with mitral stenosis and sinus rhythm (SR) who underwent percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty and 17 healthy control subjects (two men, 15 women, mean age=33+/-6 years). Biochemical markers of platelet activity (beta thromboglobulin, BTG, and soluble P-selectin, sPsel) and endothelial dysfunction (von Willebrand Factor, vWF) were measured in both control subjects' and patients' serum samples taken immediately before PMBV and 24 h after PMBV procedure. All patients underwent successful PMBV. Significant improvement of mitral valve area, pulmonary artery pressure, mean mitral gradients, and left atrial diameter were achieved in all patients after PMBV. Compared with control subjects, patients with MS had higher plasma levels of BTG (66+/-26 ng/ml vs. 14+/-6 ng/ml, P<0.001), vWF (177+/-67 units/dl vs. 99+/-37 units/dl, P<0.0001), sPsel (226+/-74 ng/ml vs. 155+/-66 ng/ml, P<0.001). There was a significant reduction of plasma levels of BTG (66+/-26 ng/ml vs. 48+/-20 ng/ml, P=0.002), vWF (177+/-67 units/dl vs. 134+/-60 units/dl, P=0.001) and P-selectin (226+/-74 ng/ml vs. 173+/-71 ng/ml, P=0.008,) 24 h after PMBV. CONCLUSION: We have shown that patients with severe MS and SR have increased platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction compared with control subjects and PMBV results in decreased platelet activity and improvement of endothelial injury.

Analysis of the case fatality rate of tetanus among adults in a tertiary hospital in Turkey.

The aim of this study was to present the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of tetanus as related to case fatality in 43 adult patients hospitalized between 1990 and 2000 in Turkey's largest state tertiary hospital. All patients were > or =15 years of age, with the mean age being 45 years. Sixty-five percent of the patients were male. Most patients (77%) were from rural Anatolia. The most common clinical manifestations were trismus (100%), abdominal rigidity (93%), dysphagia (81%), and risus sardonicus (72%). The overall case fatality rate was 58%. In a multivariable logistic regression model an incubation period of < or =8 days versus >8 days was a significant predictor of case fatality (odds ratio, 4.8; P=0.044; 95%CI, 1.04-22.26), as was each day of delay between onset of symptoms and admission to the hospital (odds ratio, 7.4; P=0.035; 95%CI, 1.15-48.28). Although the case fatality rate of tetanus in our clinic has declined in the last 5 years, the overall rate was high. This suggests a need for adult vaccination programs and/or a plan to educate the public to recognize symptoms early and then rapidly seek medical care.

High-dose oral methylprednisolone therapy in childhood hemangiomas.

The authors report their experience with high-dose oral methylprednisolone therapy (HDMP) in 15 infants with complicated hemangiomas. The starting dose for methylprednisolone was 30 mg/kg/day for 5 days, then the dose was tapered gradually every 5 days to 20, 10, 5, 2.5, and finally to 1 mg/kg/day. Therapy was then stopped and the patients were followed. An initial response was evident in 12 patients. Nine out of 12 responders showed regrowth signs. After regrowth, 4 cases received prednisolone at doses between 1 to 5 mg/kg/day and 3 patients received a second course with HDMP as additional corticosteroid therapy. Overall, 9 out of 15 cases were responders; very good and good responses were obtained in 5, partial response in 4, and therapy failure in 5 cases. One child was not available for evaluation of response. A very rapid initial response was observed in subglottic and periocular hemangiomas. Side effects were not serious and resolved after discontinuation of treatment. Although the number of patients is small in this study, overall response rate with HDMP regimen seems not to be superior to the regimens that use lower doses (5 mg/kg/day), but it provides a high initial response rate and the duration of therapy is short. Therefore, it may be useful for treating hemangiomas that fail to respond with low doses, especially in centers with limited resources where other treatment modalities cannot be used at the moment.

Predictors of left ventricular thrombus formation in patients with anterior myocardial infarction: role of activated protein C resistance.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular mural thrombus formation is a well-recognised consequence of acute anterior myocardial infarction. The vast majority of left ventricular thromboses occur in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and depressed left ventricular function. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the factors predicting left ventricular thrombus formation in patients similar for left ventricular function and left ventricular score indexes. METHODS: We evaluated 45 consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria of anterior myocardial infarction resulting in apical, anterior or septal asynergy (akinesia, dyskinesia), without non-Q-wave myocardial infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, or renal or hepatic dysfunction. Patients were divided into two groups: group I with, and group II without, left ventricular mural thrombus. The groups were compared for clinical, echocardiographic and hematologic parameters (activated protein C resistance (APC-R), protein S and antithrombin III). RESULTS: Smoking and ACP-R were significantly greater in group I than in group II (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005 respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that APC-R was an independent risk factor for left ventricular thrombus formation in the patient group selected. Antithrombin III and protein S concentrations were not statistically different between two groups. All other clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the patients were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: APC-R is an independent risk factor for left ventricular thrombosis in patients with anterior myocardial infarction resulting in septal or anterior and apical akinesia or dyskinesia.

Thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the changes in the plasma levels of thrombomodulin (TM), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PA1-1) as indices of endothelial injury/activation and fibrinolysis in childhood Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). METHODS: Twenty-six children with HSP aged between 4-15 years and 10 healthy controls were included in the study. Blood samples were taken from these patients at admission and 6-12 weeks after healing of skin rash and arthritis. Plasma levels of TM, t-PA and PAI-1 activities and t-PA and PAI-1 antigen (Ag) levels were measured. RESULTS: The plasma levels of TM, t-PA Ag and PAI-1 Ag in patients during the acute phase were significantly different from the controls. The difference in TM between the acute phase and recovery in patients was also significant. The decrease in plasma levels of t-PA Ag and PAI-1 Ag in patients between the acute and recovery phases was not significant. t-PA activity was significantly higher in the acute phase than in the recovery phase. CONCLUSION: We suggest that increased levels of TM, t-PA, and PAI-1 activity may reflect the presence of endothelial injury and/or activation and fibrinolytic activation in patients with HSP.