ABSTRACT
Several studies state that there might be a difference in the physical development and the motor performance of the mentally non-handicapped children and those with intellectual and development disabilities. The aim of our research was to compare the two groups from these aspects. The study included the assessment of the physical development and motor performance of altogether 225 primary school pupils (mentally non-handicapped and with intellectual and development disabilities) aged 8-11. The following indicators of physical development and build were examined: body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI), musculoskeletal plasticity index, biceps and triceps skinfold thickness. The motor tests included: 20 m dash, standing long jump, medicine-ball throwing, six minutes continuous running, obstacle race-test and a match test. We also examined the children's chronological (decimal) and morphological age. Data were analysed with SPSS programme. The differences between the averages were calculated with ANOVA and Fisher's LSD tests. The results show that the children with intellectual and development disabilities are in general less developed physically than non-handicapped children of the same age and sex. It is also concluded that in most motor tests the children with intellectual and development disabilities fall behind the non-handicapped ones.
Subject(s)
Body Size , Child Development , Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology , Developmental Disabilities/psychology , Disabled Children/psychology , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Motor Activity , Age Factors , Anthropometry , Case-Control Studies , Child , Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Male , Neuropsychological Tests , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: It has been shown that increases in intraluminal flow elicit dilation in venules, but the mediation of response is not yet clarified. We hypothesized that - in addition to nitric oxide (NO) and dilator prostaglandins (PGI(2)/ PGE(2)) - thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) contributes to the mediation of flow-induced responses of venules. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolated rat gracilis muscle venules (259 +/- 11 microm at 10 mm Hg) dilated as a function of intraluminal flow, which was augmented in the presence of the TxA(2) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 or the TxA(2) synthase inhibitor ozagrel. In the presence of SQ 29,548, indomethacin or Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl-ester decreased flow-induced dilations, whereas in their simultaneous presence dilations were abolished. The selective cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 inhibitor SC 560 reduced, whereas the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS 398 enhanced flow-induced dilations. Immunohistochemistry showed that both COX-1 and COX-2 are present in the wall of venules. CONCLUSION: In skeletal muscle venules, increases in intraluminal flow elicit production of constrictor TxA(2), in addition to the dilator NO and PGI(2)/PGE(2), with an overall effect of limited dilation. These mediators are likely to have important roles in the multiple feedback regulation of wall shear stress in venules during changes in blood flow velocity and/or viscosity.
