Radiofrequency thermocoagulation combined with pulsed radiofrequency for gasserian ganglion blockage.

OBJECTIVES: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has been effectively treated by radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) of the gasserian ganglion. Recently, pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is becoming an alternative therapy for patients with trigeminal neuralgia. It is unclear whether the combination of RFT with PRF may decrease post-operative complications while maintaining longterm pain relief. METHODS: Twelve patients with idiopathic TN who had undergone combined RFT and PRF of the gasserian ganglion were evaluated. PRF (42 °C, 45V, 20 ms, 120 seconds) was administered, and then RFT (65 °C, 90 seconds) was performed to the gasserian ganglion. The post-operative pain relief and complications were evaluated at 1, 6, 12 and, 24 months after treatment. RESULTS: 10 patients (83.3%) reported significant pain relief (VAS 3) at 1 month following the treatment, while 8 patients (66.6%) at 6 months, 5 patients (41.6) at 12 months, and 2 patients (16.6%) at 24 months were pain-free. Two of the patients did not have pain relief (VAS ≥3), and 2 patients were still pain-free by the 24th month. The mean time of pain relief was 14 months. One patient had numbness in the tongue for about a year, while in the other patients, no serious complications were reported. CONCLUSION: A combination of RFT with PRF could help eliminate postoperative complications of trigeminal neuralgia. We sugesst that combining RFT and PRF therapy may serve to decrease the side effects but not increase the pain relief.

Evaluation of a Multimodal Approach to Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Flank Incision in the Urology Operating Room.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated subcutaneous (sc) morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain control after radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision. METHODS: Forty-nine patients under The American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification (ASA) I-III aged 18-85 years undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision were included in this prospective, randomised study. The patients were divided into two groups (Group O [n=25] and Group M [n=24]) and received standard general anaesthesia. Tramadol (100 mg) and paracetamol (100 mg) were given intravenously before fascia closure and 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine was injected locally at surgical incisions in all patients. Patients in Group M also received 0.1 mg kg(-1) morphine subcutaneously. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with tramadol was used for postoperative pain control in both groups. Postoperative pain scores (VAS), vital parameters, side effects, the need for rescue analgesia during 24 hours postoperatively, and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, ASA status, and duration of surgery. There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative PCA tramadol consumption, rescue analgesia, side effects, or vital parameters. Postoperative pain scores (VAS) in Group M were significantly lower at 30, 45, 60, and 120 minutes compared to Group O (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and pyeloplasty with flank incision, subcutaneous morphine in combination with multimodal analgesia decreases early postoperative pain scores compared to multimodal analgesia alone.

The Effect of EMLA Cream on Patient-Controlled Analgesia with Remifentanil in ESWL Procedure: A Placebo-Controlled Randomized Study.

BACKGROUND: To alleviate stinging pain in the skin entry area and visceral discomfort in patients who are undergoing ESWL. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of the EMLA cream in combination with remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in patients undergoing ESWL treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were divided into two double-blind randomized groups. Those in the first group were administered 3-5mm of EMLA 5% cream on a marked area; the second group received, as a placebo, a cream with no analgesic effect in the same amount. All patients were administered a remifentanil bolus with a PCA device. Arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate were recorded throughout the procedure; postoperative side effects, agitation, and respiratory depression were measured after. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores were taken preoperatively, perioperatively, directly postoperatively, and 60 minutes subsequent to finishing the procedure. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of PCA demands and delivered boluses or among perioperative VAS. No significant side effects were noted. Patient satisfaction was recorded high in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: EMLA cream offered no advantage over the placebo cream in patients undergoing ESWL with remifentanil PCA.

Anesthetic technique in a patient with multiple sclerosis scheduled for laparoscopic nephrectomy for a renal tumor: a case report.

Perioperative stress and anesthesia are risk factors for exacerbation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) attacks. Infection, emotional labiality and hyperpyrexia are also known to increase the risk of postoperative MS attacks. Appropriate preoperative evaluation, administration of a good premedication, control of fever, selection of the anesthetic agents and effective postoperative pain control can prevent problems after prolonged major surgery in patients with MS diagnosed. This report presents the anesthetic technique in a patient who was a known case of MS for past nine years and presented with renal tumor to undergo laparoscopic nephrectomy under general anesthesia.

The effect of head rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45° laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45° laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45° laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.

Efeito da rotação da cabeça na pressão intraocular em decúbito ventral: estudo randomizado / The effect of head Rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial / Efecto de la rotación de la cabeza en la presión intraocular en decúbito ventral: estudio aleatorio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A elevação da pressão intraocular (PIO), que diminui a pressão de perfusão do nervo óptico, é aumentada pelo posicionamento em decúbito ventral. O objetivo de nosso estudo foi comparar o efeito da rotação lateral da cabeça a 45º em decúbito ventral no aumento da PIO de olhos posicionados para cima e olhos posicionados para baixo em pacientes submetidos à nefrolitotomia percutânea (NLPC). MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomicamente alocados em dois grupos. A PIO dos pacientes foi registrada bilateralmente em posição supina antes do início da operação. Os pacientes foram posicionados em decúbito ventral. A cabeça foi posicionada sobre um apoio sem compressão externa direta em ambos os olhos. Os pacientes do Grupo I foram estritamente mantidos em pronação neutra, enquanto os pacientes do Grupo II foram posicionados em pronação com rotação da cabeça a 45º para o lado direito. No fim da operação, os pacientes foram reposicionados em decúbito dorsal e a PIO foi imediatamente medida. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os dados demográficos, na duração da cirurgia, perda de sangue e reposição de líquido dos pacientes. Os valores pós-cirúrgicos da PIO em decúbito ventral aumentaram significativamente em comparação com os valores pré-operatórios em ambos os grupos (p < 0,05). Após a cirurgia em decúbito ventral, os valores da PIO nos olhos posicionados para cima no Grupo II foram significativamente menores do que no Grupo I e nos olhos posicionados para baixo no Grupo II (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A posição em decúbito ventral aumenta a PIO. Nos pacientes posicionados em decúbito ventral com rotação lateral da cabeça a 45º, a PIO nos olhos posicionados para cima foi significativamente menor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45o laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45º laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45o laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La elevación de la presión intraocular (PIO), que disminuye la presión de perfusión del nervio óptico, es aumentada por el posicionamiento en decúbito ventral. El objetivo de nuestro estudio, fue comparar el efecto de la rotación lateral de la cabeza a 45o en decúbito ventral en el aumento de la PIO de ojos posicionados hacia arriba y ojos posicionados hacia abajo en pacientes sometidos a la nefrolitotomia percutánea (NLPC). MÉTODOS: Cuarenta y cinco pacientes fueron aleatoriamente divididos en dos grupos. La PIO de los pacientes fue registrada bilateralmente en posición supina antes del inicio de la operación. Los pacientes fueron posicionados en decúbito ventral. La cabeza fue posicionada sobre un apoyo sin compresión externa directa en ambos ojos. Los pacientes del Grupo I fueron estrictamente mantenidos en pronación neutra, mientras que los pacientes del Grupo II fueron posicionados en pronación con rotación de la cabeza a 45º hacia el lado derecho. Al final de la operación, los pacientes fueron reposicionados en supinación y la PIO fue inmediatamente medida. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencia entre los datos demográficos, la duración de la cirugía, la pérdida de sangre y la reposición de líquido de los pacientes. Los valores postquirúrgicos de la PIO en decúbito ventral aumentaron significativamente en comparación con los valores preoperatorios en ambos grupos (p < 0,05). Después de la cirugía en decúbito ventral, los valores de la PIO en los ojos posicionados hacia arriba en el Grupo II fueron significativamente menores que en el Grupo I y en los ojos posicionados hacia abajo en el Grupo II (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La posición en decúbito ventral aumenta la PIO. En los pacientes posicionados en decúbito ventral con rotación lateral de la cabeza a 45o, la PIO en los ojos posicionados hacia arriba fue significativamente menor.

The effect of preoperative intravenous dexketoprofen trometamol on postoperative pain in minor outpatient urologic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this prospective double-blind randomized study was to compare the effectiveness of preoperative dexketoprofen trometamol for acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing minor outpatient urologic surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty male patients (ASA I and II) undergoing varicocelectomy and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) with standard laryngeal mask airway (LMA) anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. Patients in Group I (n=30) received 50 mg of dexketoprofen trometamol iv before induction, whereas patients in Group II (n=30) received saline. All patients received standard LMA anesthesia (propofol, sevoflurane and N2O/O2). Analgesic efficacy was evaluated by self-assessment of pain intensity (VAS) at regular intervals. Vital signs, side effects and time to reach a postanesthesia discharge score (PADS) of ≥9 were also recorded. Paracetamol 1 gr iv and tramadol 100 mg iv were used for rescue analgesia. RESULTS: Demographic data and duration of surgery were similar in both groups. There was no significant difference between groups with respect to postoperative pain scores and side effects. Although more patients in Group II (60%) required rescue analgesia compared to Group I (33.3%), the difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Preoperative IV use of dexketoprofen trometamol iv did not decrease the need for rescue analgesia in patients undergoing minor outpatient urological surgery.

Comparison of 75 and 150 µg doses of intrathecal morphine for postoperative analgesia after transurethral resection of the prostate under spinal anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: The administration of single dose intrathecal (IT) morphine with local anesthetics during spinal anesthesia produces an effective postoperative analgesia. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of two different doses of IT morphine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. SETTING: Urology Department. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Sixty patients who were scheduled to undergo TURP with spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Patients were allocated to receive IT morphine (75 µg) with bupivacaine heavy (group I) and IT morphine (150 µg) with bupivacaine heavy (group II). Postoperative pain was evaluated by Visual Analogous Scale during 24 hours. The need for rescue analgesia, adverse effects and patient satisfaction were recorded. RESULTS: Groups were comparable with respect to demographic data. VAS scores were similarly low in both groups. However, the request for analgesia was significantly higher in group I (27 percent) than group II (7 percent; p = 0.04). The incidence of postoperative nausea was similarly low in both groups. No patients reported pruritis in group I where as six patients (20 percent) reported mild pruritis not necessitating treatment in group II (p = 0.036) Patients satisfaction was similarly high in both the groups. CONCLUSIONS: IT morphine 150 µg reduced the need for rescue analgesia compared to IT morphine 75 µg in patients undergoing TURP under spinal anesthesia. As the incidence of pruritis was low with no treatment, IT morphine 150 µg may be a suitable dose for postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing TURP under spinal anesthesia.

The effect of head rotation on intraocular pressure in prone position: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increased intraocular pressure (IOP) - which decreases perfusion pressure on the optic nerve - increases by prone positioning (1). The aim of our study was to compare the effect of head rotation 45° laterally in prone position on the increase in IOP of upper placed and lower placed eyes in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into 2 Groups. IOP of the patients were recorded bilaterally in supine position before the operation had started. Patients were turned to prone position. The head was placed on a prone headrest without external direct compression to both eyes. Patients in Group I were kept in strictly neutral prone position where as patients in Group II were placed prone with their heads rotated 45° laterally to the right side. At the end of the operation, patients were turned to supine position and their IOP was measured immediately. RESULTS: There was no difference related to demographics, duration of surgery, blood loss and fluid input data. IOP values after surgery in prone position increased significantly compared to preoperative values in both groups (p < 0.05). After surgery in prone position IOP values of the upper positioned eyes in Group II were significantly lower than Group I and lower positioned eyes in Group II (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: prone positioning increases IOP. In patients with prone position with a head rotation of 45° laterally, IOP in the upper positioned eye was significantly lower.

Chronic pain after Lichtenstein and preperitoneal (posterior) hernia repair.

BACKGROUND: Hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures, and some patients suffer from chronic pain after hernia surgery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate chronic postherniorrhaphy pain in men who underwent Lichtenstein mesh repair or preperitoneal (posterior) repair. METHODS: Our study included 94 male inpatients. Two surgeons experienced in both Lichtenstein and preperitoneal hernia repair performed the procedures. We controlled postoperative pain with systemic analgesic therapy. We evaluated the patients over the subsequent 12 months, using a questionnaire to focus on chronic pain and its limitations to their quality of life. RESULTS: The overall incidence of chronic pain at 2 months was 5%. About 6% of patients who underwent Lichtenstein repair (n = 70) and 4% of patients who underwent preperitoneal repair (n = 24) experienced chronic pain. All patients with chronic pain rated their pain as slight or moderate. Their pain was present occasionally and was related to physical stress. None of the patients were unable to work. After 12 months of follow-up, the overall incidence of chronic pain decreased to 3%, with 3 patients in Lichtenstein group reporting chronic pain with slight limitations in sports and social activities. CONCLUSION: The incidence rates of chronic pain after Lichtenstein and preperitoneal repair were 6% and 4%, respectively. Inpatient status might have resulted in low incidences with both approaches.

Randomised, cross-over comparison of sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam anaesthesia in children undergoing extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess the haemodynamic responses, adverse events and recovery characteristics associated with sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam anaesthesia for paediatric extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. METHODS: Twenty children aged 2-11 years, who were undergoing two consecutive lithotripsy sessions at an interval of 4 weeks were enrolled and randomised to receive either inhalation or dissociative anaesthesia at their first session. The alternative anaesthesia protocol was used at their second session. Inhalation anaesthesia was induced with 8% sevoflurane and 70% N(2)O in oxygen; 10 microg/kg atropine and 2 microg/kg fentanyl were then administered. Anaesthesia was maintained with 2%-3% end-tidal sevoflurane and 70% N(2)O in oxygen via a laryngeal mask airway. Dissociative anaesthesia was induced intravenously with 10 mug/kg atropine, 0.05 mg/kg midazolam, 1.5 mg/kg ketamine and maintained with 0.5-1.0 mg/kg ketamine. Haemodynamic parameters were recorded before and after induction, after the start of the procedure, and every 10 minutes thereafter. Postoperatively, the times to responding to command, sitting, ambulating, achieving an Aldrete score > or = 9, and achieving a post-anaesthetic discharge score > or = 9 were recorded. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures at all measurements throughout the procedure were higher with ketamine-midazolam than with sevoflurane (P<0.05). Heart rates were comparable between groups, except after induction and after start of the procedure in which they were higher with ketamine-midazolam (P<0.05). All recovery endpoints were achieved earlier with sevoflurane than with ketamine-midazolam (P<0.05). Nausea-vomiting incidences were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane and ketamine-midazolam both provided effective anaesthesia for paediatric lithotripsy. The recovery and discharge times were shorter after anaesthesia with sevoflurane compared with ketamine-midazolam in children undergoing lithotripsy.

Ondansetron, granisetron, and dexamethasone compared for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy : A randomized placebo-controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomies are associated with an appreciably high rate of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of ondansetron, granisetron, and dexamethasone for the prevention of PONV in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: A total of 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical class I-II patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in this randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. All patients received a similar standardized anesthesia and operative treatment. Patients were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20 each). Group 1, consisting of control patients, received 0.9% NaCl; group 2 patients received ondansetron 4 mg i.v.; group 3 patients received granisetron 3 mg i.v.; and group 4 patients received dexamethasone 8 mg i.v., all before the induction of anesthesia. Both nausea and vomiting were assessed during the first 24 h after the procedure. RESULTS: The total incidence of PONV was 75% with placebo, 35% with ondansetron, 30% with granisetron, and 25% with dexamethasone. The incidence of PONV was significantly less frequent in groups receiving antiemetics (p < 0.05). The differences between dexamethasone, granisetron, and ondansetron were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic dexamethasone 8 mg i.v. significantly reduced the incidence of PONV in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Dexamethasone 8 mg was as effective as ondansetron 4 mg and granisetron 3 mg, and it was more effective than placebo.

Tramadol infusion for the pain management in sickle cell disease: a case report.

We present the analgesic management of a 4-year-old child who suffered from severe abdominal and leg pain during his first vaso-occlusive crisis with sickle cell disease, diagnosed as beta/S disease when he was 1 year old. His mother and father were carriers of beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin S, respectively. He had an upper respiratory tract infection in which a vaso-occlusive crisis was precipitated. On admission to hospital, fever, severe abdominal and leg pain were noted. Hemoglobin was 4 g x dl(-1) with accompanying prominent reticulocytosis and acute spleen enlargement. These findings indicated a sequestration crisis as well as vaso-occlusive disease. He was transfused with packed red cells. Paracetamol (40-60 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) and ibuprofen (20 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) were administered to relieve pain. The child experienced moderate to severe pain (Oucher score 60-80) despite nonopioid analgesics, so a tramadol infusion (0.25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was started. During the tramadol infusion no morphine was required, the intensity of pain gradually decreased (Oucher score 20) and the child was able to move his legs. At the end of 3 days splenomegaly regressed, no fever and pain were observed and the infusion was stopped. In conclusion, tramadol infusion i.v. (0.25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) combined with nonopioids was effective to relieve moderate to severe pain due to vaso-occlusive crisis and can be recommended before using morphine in a pediatric sickle cell crisis.

Tension-type headache in children: a clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Headache Society (IHS) criteria for episodic tension-type headache were included in the present study. Pain characteristics, associated symptoms, and stress-triggering factors were evaluated. Psychiatric and psychosocial evaluations were performed according to DSM-IV criteria. RESULTS: Pain was bilateral in 93.7% of patients and bitemporal in 50% of children. The intensity of pain increased with motion and stress in more than half of the patients, while pain decreased with rest and massage in 43.7% of patients. Ten of the 16 (62.5%) patients were diagnosed as having a psychiatric disorder. The most common stress-triggering factors were difficulty in adaptation at school and relationship problems with family members. All of the children reported 26 stress factors. Of these stress factors, 20 (76.9%) were reported by children diagnosed with psychiatric disorder. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in children with tension-type headache a thorough psychiatric evaluation should be performed to rule out underlying psychiatric disorders.

Propofol - not thiopental or etomidate - with remifentanil provides adequate intubating conditions in the absence of neuromuscular blockade.

PURPOSE: Administration of remifentanil followed by propofol provides adequate conditions for tracheal intubation without muscle relaxants. Other hypnotic drugs have not been thoroughly investigated in this regard. Intubating conditions with remifentanil followed by propofol, thiopentone or etomidate are compared in this study. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind study 45 healthy males were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15). After iv atropine, remifentanil 3 microg x kg(-1) were injected over 90 sec followed by propofol 2 mg x kg(-1) (Group I), thiopentone 6 mg x kg(-1) (Group II) or etomidate 0.3 mg x kg(-1) (Group III). Ninety seconds after the administration of the hypnotic agent, laryngoscopy and intubation were attempted. Intubating conditions were assessed as excellent, good or poor on the basis of ease of ventilation, jaw relaxation, position of the vocal cords, and patient response to intubation and slow inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff. RESULTS: One patient in Group I, three patients in Group II and five patients in Group III could not be intubated on the first attempt. Clinically acceptable intubating conditions were observed in 93.3%, 66.7%, 40.0% of patients in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Overall conditions at intubation were significantly (P < 0.05) better, and the frequency of excellent conditions was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the propofol group compared with the thiopentone and etomidate groups. No patient was treated for hypotension or bradycardia. CONCLUSION: Propofol 2 mg x kg(-1) was superior to thiopentone 6 mg x kg(-1) and etomidate 0.3 mg x kg(-1) for tracheal intubation when combined with remifentanil 3 microg x kg(-1) and no muscle relaxant.

Sodium valproate prophylaxis in childhood migraine.

UNLABELLED: Migraine is a cause of recurrent headache in childhood. The efficacy of sodium valproate is well known in the prophylactic treatment of adult migraine, but there are few studies involving the drug's effect in pediatric migraine. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of sodium valproate in the prophylactic treatment of childhood migraine. METHODS: Fifteen children with migraine according to International Headache Society criteria were included in the study. Headache severity was measured and assessed by Algology unit by a using visual analog scale and a numerical rating scale. All of the subjects were asked to keep a headache diary for 8 weeks. Three subjects who had no headache attacks during the baseline period and two cases who were lost to follow up were excluded. Thus, sodium valproate was initiated in 10 subjects (six boys, four girls), 500 mg/night, and the daily dose was increased up to 1000 mg according to blood levels. Their ages ranged from 9 to 17 (mean age 13.6 +/- 3.2 years). Therapy continued for at least 12 weeks. RESULTS: Headache severity as measured via the mean visual analog score was 6.8 +/- 1.8 at baseline and was 0.7 +/- 1.2 at the end of the treatment period (P = 0.000). Mean headache attacks per month were 6 +/- 4.2 at baseline and were 0.8 +/- 1.9 at the end of the treatment period (P = 0.002). The duration of headache was significantly decreased from a mean of 5.5 +/- 3.9 hours to 1.1 +/- 2.5 hours with treatment (P = 0.001). The observed side effects were dizziness, drowsiness, and increase in appetite; none required drug withdrawal. In two cases, headache attacks recurred after the cessation of valproate, and therapy was restarted. Headache control lasted for six months following cessation of the drug in the remainder of the subjects. CONCLUSION: Sodium valproate appears to be effective and safe in selected patients with childhood migraine.